МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО РЫБОЛОВСТВУ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
"МУРМАНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ"
Кафедра
иностранных языков
ВЫСШЕЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ, РОССИИ И США
HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN,
RUSSIA AND USA
Методические указания
по развитию навыков устной и письменной речи
для студентов младших курсов всех специальностей
Мурманск
2007
ББК 81. 2Англ. – 923
B 93
| Составители – | Юлия Владимировна Виноградова, преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков Мурманского государственного технического университета; Анастасия Александровна Максимова, преподаватель той же кафедры; Мария Александровна Петрова, преподаватель той же кафедры |
Методические указания рассмотрены и одобрены кафедрой, протокол № 7 от 21.02.2007 года.
| Рецензент – | В. Н. Ионова, ст. преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков Мурманского государственного технического университета |
Редактор Г.В. Зобнина
© Мурманский государственный технический университет, 2007
Оглавление
Введение....................................................................................................... 4
World Declaration on Higher Education....................................................... 5
Higher Education in Great Britain................................................................ 7
Oxbridge..................................................................................................... 12
Higher Education in Russia......................................................................... 17
The Murmansk State Technical University................................................. 24
Higher Education in the USA...................................................................... 31
Yale University........................................................................................... 42
Role Play..................................................................................................... 44
Appendix.................................................................................................... 47
Список использованной литературы........................................................ 48
Методические указания построены на аутентичных англоязычных научно-популярных текстах. Целью методических указаний является развитие умений и навыков устной и письменной речи по теме «Высшее образование». Предтекстовые упражнения знакомят студентов с новыми словами и терминами, активизируют знакомую студентам лексику, готовят к обсуждению проблем, изложенных в текстах. Послетекстовые упражнения направлены на контроль понимания содержания текстов, закрепление новых лексических единиц и грамматических конструкций. Кроме того, в методических указаниях представлены упражнения, развивающие монологическую и диалогическую речь, а также творческие задания, стимулирующие высказывания студентами собственного мнения и его аргументацию. Содержание разделов будет способствовать расширению кругозора учащихся и формированию навыков межкультурного общения.
WORLD DECLARATION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
"Everyone has the right to education"
"Higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of individual capacity"
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1. Read the extract from the declaration made by the participants of the World Conference on Higher Education, assembled at UNESCO[*] Headquarters in Paris. Before reading, study the following vocabulary:
| unprecedented demand | беспрецедентная потребность |
| diversification | диверсификация – разнообразие учебных программ и типов учебных заведений |
| awareness | осведомленность |
| young generation | молодое поколение |
| challenge | сложная задача, проблема, испытание |
| equity of conditions | равенство условий |
| enhancement | увеличение, улучшение |
| relevance of programmes | существенность, важность программ |
| employability | возможность устроиться на работу |
| to disseminate | распространять |
| equitable access | беспристрастный, справедливый доступ |
| to ensure | гарантировать, обеспечивать |
WORLD DECLARATION ON HIGHER EDUCATION
FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: VISION AND ACTION
Nowadays there is an unprecedented demand for and a great diversification in higher education, as well as an increased awareness of its vital importance for sociocultural and economic development, and for building the future, for which the younger generations will need to be equipped with new skills, knowledge and ideals. Higher education includes 'all types of studies, training or training for research at the post-secondary level, provided by universities or other educational establishments that are approved as institutions of higher education by the competent State authorities'.
Everywhere higher education is faced with great challenges and difficulties related to financing, equity of conditions at access into and during the course of studies, improved staff development, skills-based training, enhancement and preservation of quality in teaching, research and services, relevance of programmes, employability of graduates, establishment of efficient co-operation agreements and equitable access to the benefits of international co-operation. At the same time, higher education is being challenged by new opportunities relating to technologies that are improving the ways in which knowledge can be produced, managed, disseminated, accessed and controlled. Equitable access to these technologies should be ensured at all levels of education systems.
2. Express your point of view about missions, functions and problems of higher education in modern world.
In the profile given below you will read about the systems of higher education in Great Britain, Russia and the USA. You will find the information about educational institutions and subjects studied by students, you will learn about degree levels and ways of students' life. Also you will get acquainted with the most famous universities of these countries.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
1. Before you read and translate the following text, study the vocabulary and learn the words by heart. If you are not sure how to pronounce the word correctly, consult the dictionary.
| to get higher education | получить высшее образование |
| vocational training | профессиональное обучение |
| to be located in | располагаться, находиться |
| ancient | древний, старинный |
| to comprise | включать |
| technical bias | технический уклон |
| 'redbrick' university | новые университеты Великобритании, "краснокирпичные" (т.к. построены из красного кирпича) |
| to cater for | удовлетворять требованиям |
| to award degree | присуждать степень |
| accommodation | жилье |
| hence | отсюда |
| to interrupt | прерывать |
| correspondence course | заочный курс |
| selective | избирательный |
| i.e. (сокр. от лат. id est) | то есть |
| via | через, посредством чего-либо |
| applicant | абитуриент |
| full-time students | студенты очного отделения |
| part-time students | студенты вечернего отделения |
| employment | занятость, работа |
| to get a grant | получать стипендию |
| to cover | покрывать |
| tuition fee | плата за обучение |
| living expenses | затраты на жилье |
| government loan | государственный заем, ссуда |
| tutor | наставник |
| undergraduate | студент |
| graduate | выпускник университета, имеющий степень |
| post-graduate | аспирант |
| arts subjects | гуманитарные предметы |
| to get/to obtain the degree | получить степень |
| Bachelor's degree | степень бакалавра |
| Master's degree | степень магистра |
Students in Great Britain can get higher education at Universities and Colleges of higher education. Universities offer degree courses which last for three or four years. Colleges of higher education provide vocational training (including teacher training, art, drama, music and physical education) and offer one or two year non-degree courses.
The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London and Edinburgh. British universities differ in the date of foundation, size, history, traditions, ways of student life and methods of teaching. They can be broadly classified into following types:
First come the ancient universities of Oxford and Cambridge that date from the 13th century.
The second group of universities comprises various institutions of higher education, usually with a technical bias. These universities are also known as 'redbrick' universities. At first they catered mostly for local people and prepared students for London University degree but lately they were given the right to award their own degrees. In the mid-20th they started to accept students from all over the country. These universities have close links with local industry and they offer 'sandwich' courses, i.e. studies are interrupted by periods of work.
The third group consists of new universities founded after the Second World War. They are located in the countryside and provide accommodation for most of their students on site (hence their name 'campus' universities). They focus on relatively new academic disciplines such as social sciences and teach in small groups known as 'seminars'.
The largest teaching institution in Britain is the Open University. It was established in 1969 and it offers part-time higher education for people who can't attend regular courses and who study in their free time. The university operates like a correspondence course with books and programs on radio and TV.
Higher education in Great Britain is highly selective, i.e. entrance to British universities is via a strict selective process based on interview. After the interview a potential student (applicant) is offered a place on the basis of the results of General Certificate of Education (GCE) A-level exams. If a student does not get the proper grades, he can't take the place. Some universities, such as Oxford and Cambridge, have an entrance exam before the interview. So, not everyone in Britain with A-level qualifications gets the chance to study at a university.
There are full-time and part-time students. Full-time students spend their time studying and don't have any other employment. Part-time students combine their studies with work. Students can get a grant. The grant covers tuition fees and some of living expenses. The amount of the grant depends on the parents' income. If the parents don't earn much money, their children will receive a full grant, which will cover all their expenses. There are also government loans to support students but this money must be paid back.
University studying lasts three years, however medical and veterinary courses last five or six years. The academic year starts in October and ends at the beginning of July. It is divided into three terms with vacations at Christmas, a month off at Easter, and three or four months in summer. These are periods of private study.
University teaching combines lectures and tutorials, or seminars, when students meet their tutor and discuss topics in small groups. There is little continuous assessment on many courses, so the final examinations are very important. Universities offer a wide range of courses from highly academic to very vocational ones. Students study natural and technical sciences, history, law, medicine, foreign languages, arts, engineering, economics, etc.
After three years of studying students can get the Bachelor's degree. Students who are working for their first degree are called undergraduates. At the end of the third year of study undergraduates pass examinations and take the Bachelor's degree. If they study arts subjects (history, languages or law) they take Bachelor of Arts (BA). Those who study sciences such as medicine, technology or agriculture get Bachelor of Science (BS). When students are awarded the degree, they become graduates. Students who obtain their Bachelor's degree can take post-graduate courses and after one or two years of studying they get Master's degree (MA or MS). The highest degree is Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), which takes two or three years.