1. The secretary was sent for.
2. We bought these machines at a good price last year.
3. Money received from selling goods or services is called the turnover.
4. Supply is the amount of a good that will be offered in the market at a certain price and time.
5. In a command economy, a central planning office makes decisions on what, how, and for whom to produce.
Задание 5. Задайте общий вопрос к каждому предложению из задания 4 и дайте на него отрицательный ответ.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. Not all partners in a firm must take an active part in management.
2. They will be able to despatch the goods next week.
3. You ought to have the firm re-registration as soon as possible or you may have trouble.
4. The buyers have to reconcile what they want to do and what the market will allow them to do.
5. Making a decision, the economist should rely on all the information that he can find.
Задание 7. Перепишите предложения, выпишите причастия, определите их вид и укажите функцию в предложении, то есть, является ли причастие определением или обстоятельством. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The world economy produces mostly for the people living in the industrial countries.
2. The government can influence for whom goods are produced, taking income away from some people and giving it to other.
3. As income rise, the quantity of food bought will rise but only a little.
4. Knowing that their resources are limited, people make a decision how to allocate them in the best possible way.
5. Consumers typically buy a smaller quantity of the good sold at a higher price.
Задание 8. Перепишите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения и усилительную конструкцию "it is... that (who)". Переведите на русский язык.
1. After we settle the price problem we’ll sign the contract.
2. It was our director who spoke about the losses of our company.
3. Have you still got the journal you showed me some days ago?
4. The experts find the construction will cost an enormous sum.
5. It is the accountant who prepares the balance sheet.
Задание 9. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Demand is the quantity of a good that buyers wish to buy at each price1. Other things equal2, at low prices the demanded quantity is higher.
Supply is the quantity of a good that sellers wish to sell at each price. Other things equal, when prices are high, the supplied quantity is high as well.
The market is in equilibrium when the price regulates the quantity supplied by producers and the quantity demanded by consumers. When prices are not so high as the equilibrium price, there is excess demand (shortage) raising the price. At prices above the equilibrium price, there is excess supply (surplus) reducing the price.
There are some factors influencing demand for a good, such as the prices of other goods, consumer incomes and some others.
As consumer income is increased, demand for a normal good3 will also increase but demand for an inferior good4 will decrease. A normal good is a good for which demand increases when incomes rise. An inferior good is a good for which demand falls when incomes rise.
As to supply, some factors are assumed5 as constant. Among them are technology, the input price6, as well as degree of government regulation. An improvement in technology is as important for increasing the supplied quantity good as a reduction in input prices.
Government regulates demand and supply, imposing ceiling prices (maximum prices) and floor prices (minimum prices) and adding its own demand to the demand of the private sector.
Пояснения к тексту
1) each price – зд. любая цена
2) other things equal – при прочих равных условиях
3) normal good – товар стандартного качества
4) inferior good – товар низкого качества
5) are assumed – рассматриваются, принимаются
6) input price – цена ресурсов, цена основных средств производства
Задание 10. Напишите аннотацию к тексту, используя клише данные в приложении.
Задание 11. Перепишите вопросы и ответьте на вопросы к тексту по-английски:
1. What is demand?
2. What is supply?
3. When are the demanded and supplied quantities of goods high?
4. How are prices and the supplied and demanded quantities regulated by the market?
5. Which factors influence demand? How do they work?
6. Which factors influence supply?
7. How can governments regulate demand and supply?
8. How can prices for other goods influence the demand for a good? Supply examples.
9. What inferior goods can you name?
10. What may be the result of imposing ceiling prices?
Задание 12. Задайте письменно пять вопросов разного типа к тексту (Задание 9).
Задание 13. Выучите лексику по теме: I’m a student. My study at the university (см. тексты и задания к зачету и экзамену). Напишите рассказ о себе на данную тему.
Вариант 3
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1. The standard working day in the United Kingdom and the USA starts at 9:00 a.m. and lasts till 5:00 p.m. with lunch time from 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m.
2. The USA is the world’s leading producer of copper and the world’s second producer of iron and coal.
3. The more one studies, the more one knows.
4. This university trains engineers in more than 40 specialities.
5. When there is a harvest failure, the producer’s supply will decrease.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения имен прилагательных и другие способы сравнения.
1. He is one of the most experienced managers.
2. A worker in the United Kingdom earns more than the one in India.
3. The greater is the number of sellers in a market, the better choice can a buyer make.
4. The sooner they finish the construction of the plant the better.
5. Only when demand equals supply, people can buy or sell as much as they want.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание не перевод местоимений.
1. Our products are in great demand in the world market. We export them to many countries of the world.
2. I think there’s something very important in the letter.
3. They made these experiments themselves.
4. There is no signature on the cheque. Sign it, please.
Задание 4. Перепишите предложения, выпишите сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог, в скобках укажите инфинитив глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец: Our activity is based on close contact with our clients.
(is based (to base) – Present Simple Passive) – Наша деятельность основывается на тесном контакте с нашими клиентами.
1. Such raw materials as coal and oil were used to make plastics.
2. Prices regulate consumption and production in a market economy.
3. Inputs are the factors of production (land, labour and capital, including materials) that are put into a business for producing output as a commodity or a service.
4. The commercial documents will be sent immediately.
5. No business will succeed unless it has a sound financial foundation.
Задание 5. Задайте общий вопрос к каждому предложению из задания 4 и дайте на него отрицательный ответ.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. Plans may be long-term or short-term, depending upon the time period they are designed to cover.
2. Managers have to decide what to produce, how it should be produced, and for whom.
3. We are not able to make a reduction in price.
4. A great increase in the supply of money in the form of bank notes and bank credit is to result in inflation, that is, a rise in the general level of prices.
5. Government regulations should be in the interest of society.
Задание 7. Перепишите предложения, выпишите причастия, определите их вид и укажите функцию в предложении, то есть, является ли причастие определением или обстоятельством. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Income is money coming in regularly to a person, family or organization.
2. Reducing our imports, we decrease the exports of others.
3. For the great majority of goods, experience show that the quantity demanded will increase as the price falls.
4. When translated, his article on chemistry was sent to the International Chemical Congress.
5. While reading this book, I used the dictionary very often.
Задание 8. Перепишите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения и усилительную конструкцию "it is... that (who)". Переведите на русский язык.
1. We’ll sign the contract as soon as the secretary types it.
2. It is the law of supply and demand that influences the retail price.
3. We shall spend our holidays in the same village we visited last year.
4. They realized they might be close to the discovery of a new material.
5. It was the issued stocks (выпущенные акции) that allowed the company to accumulate the necessary money for the new project.
Задание 9. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY
There is a relationship between demand and price. How much demand for a commodity1 is affected by a change in price is called elasticity of demand. If a small change of price results in a large change in demand, the demand is called elastic, if the demand changes only a little, it is called inelastic. The price elasticity of demand coefficient is negative as demand usually falls with a rise in price.
The price elasticity of supply shows the percentage change in the quantity supplied resulting from a one-percent change in price.
As an increase in the quantity supplied is normally a result of a rise in price, the coefficient is usually positive. We have a "0" (zero) elasticity when a price change results in no quantity supplied change. This is called a perfectly inelastic supply. Provided the elasticities vary between zero and one, the supply is called inelastic. With coefficients greater than one, the supply is called elastic. The percentage change in quantity is larger than the corresponding percentage change in price.
Agricultural supply is mostly inelastic because of the high proportion of such inputs2 as land, buildings, and machinery. The elasticities of agricultural commodities (potatoes, wheat, fruits, eggs, milk) vary greatly. Because of increasing specialization of production, of farm animal products, in particular, elasticities for such commodities as pigs or broilers have decreased in recent years.
Пояснения к тексту
1) commodity – предмет потребления, товар, продукт
2) inputs – затраты, расходы (на производство)
Задание 10. Напишите аннотацию к тексту, используя клише данные в приложении.
Задание 11. Перепишите вопросы и ответьте на вопросы к тексту по-английски:
1. Which demand is called elastic?
2. In what units is elasticity of supply shown?
3. Why is the price elasticity of demand coefficient negative and the corresponding coefficient for supply positive?
4. What supply is called inelastic?
5. What is the difference between the inelastic and the perfectly inelastic supply?
6. Why is agricultural supply usually inelastic?
7. What is the tendency of agricultural supply development?
8. Explain the relationship between demand and price.
9. Can governments regulate demand and prices? How?
Задание 12. Задайте письменно пять вопросов разного типа к тексту (Задание 9).
Задание 13. Выучите лексику по теме: I’m a student. My study at the university (см. тексты и задания к зачету и экзамену). Напишите рассказ о себе на данную тему.
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения и переведите. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;
б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
1. Economics is the science that analyses what, how, and for whom society produces.
2. The transport sector makes a vital contribution to the European Community’s frontier-free single market.
3. A worker in the United Kingdom earns more than the one in India.
4. The University has laboratories and research institutes and other educational facilities.
5. Economists analyze society’s production and consumption levels.
Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на степени сравнения имен прилагательных и другие способы сравнения.
1. If other things are equal, this firm will do the work more effectively than the others.
2. New York City is the first biggest city of the States.
3. Tennis and football are the games I like best.