Macroeconomists measure overall economic activity; analyze the determinants of such activity by the use of macroeconomic theory: forecast future economic activity; and attempt to formulate policy responses designed to reconcile forecasts with target values of production, employment, and prices.
An important task of macroeconomics is to develop ways of aggregating the values of the economic activities of individuals and firms into meaningful totals. To this end such concepts as gross domestic product (GDP), national income, personal income, and personal disposable income have been developed.
Macroeconomic analysis attempts to explain how the magnitudes of the principal macroeconomic variables are determined and how they interact. And through the development of theories of the business cycle and economic growth, macroeconomics helps to explain the dynamics of how these aggregates move over time.
Macroeconomics is concerned with such major policy issues as the attainment and maintenance of full employment and price stability. Considerable effort must first be expended to determine what goals could be achieved. Experience teaches that it would not be possible to eliminate inflation entirely without inducing a major recession combined with high unemployment.
Пояснения к тексту
the rate of change of overall prices – коэффициент изменений предельных цен
broad aggregates – масштабные совокупности
layoffs – увольнение
meaningful totals – значимые итоги
gross domestic product (GDP) – валовой внутренний продукт (ВВП)
personal disposable income – личный доход после уплаты налогов
Задание 8. Перепишите вопросы и ответьте на вопросы к тексту по-английски:
1. What does the macroeconomist deal with?
2. What is the difference between the questions asked by macroeconomists and microeconomics? (Try to give your own answer.)
3. What is, according to the text, the important task of macroeconomists?
4. What does macroeconomic analysis attempt to explain?
5. What are the most important theories of macroeconomics?
Задание 9. Напишите краткий реферат по данному тексту, используя клише данные в приложении.
Задание 10. Задайте письменно пять вопросов разного типа к тексту (Задание 7).
Задание 11. Напишите свою автобиографию в табличной и свободной форме (см. Задания к зачету и экзамену № 3 и 4).
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения, выпишите сказуемые, определите их видовременную форму и залог, в скобках укажите инфинитив глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец:
The article was being translated the whole day long.
was being translated - Past Continuous Passive (to translate)
Статью переводили целый день.
а)
1. We have just introduced some new marketing, product and technology to the Board of Directors.
2. On Monday evening I’ll meet him at the station.
3. He had an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown.
4. They had been installing the machine for two hours before the inspector arrived.
5. Are you going to discuss prices with the customer?
б)
1. The letter will be answered at once.
2. Good results have been achieved in laboratory tests.
3. A great number of experiments at the designing institute had been made before the new system was worked out.
4. An interesting research is being done at our Institute.
Задание 2. Перепишите предложения. Определите, признаком какой части речи является неличная форма глагола с суффиксом -ing: (причастия I, герундия или глагола в форме Continuous). Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные функции причастия и герундия в предложении.
Образец:
Management is the process of achieving desirable results with the
resources available. (achieving – Gerund)
Управление - это процесс достижения желаемых результатов при
помощи имеющихся средств.
1. A totally new safety system is being installed.
2. The essence of management is to create an environment where individuals, working together, can perform effectively and efficiently.
3. Management is often called the art of getting things done through other people.
4. The OPEC is an international organization established for the purpose of regulating quantities of oil sold.
5. The Central Bank can depress the level of interest rates increasing the quantity of money in circulation.
Задание 3. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на правила перевода сложных форм причастия и независимого причастного оборота.
1. The Central Bank acting as banker to commercial banks, the financial system works steadily.
2. The world distribution of income is unjust, with poor countries having 61 percent of the world’s population, but receiving only 6 percent of the world income.
3. Having made a diagnoses of the fiscal situation in the country, the economist can now offer ways of altering it.
Задание 4. Перепишите предложения, переведите, обращая внимание на различные функции глаголов to be, to have, to do, укажите функцию глагола.
1. There are a lot of factors in agriculture that must be assumed as risks by the farmer.
2. This new product had to compete with the old ones.
3. The company is to deliver the goods in April.
4. A public company must have at least two directors.
5. He works as much as you do.
Задание 5. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Определите, что выражают видовременные формы Past Simple, Past Perfect, а также формы, включающие should/ would.
Образец:
If I took a taxi I would catch the last train. –
Если бы я взял такси, то успел бы на последний поезд (took,
would catch – условное предложение II типа, относится к
настоящему или будущему времени).
1. It was decided that joint ventures would contribute to further development of the country’s trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation.
2. Many companies would lose their stable position in the market if recession (спад производства) continued.
3. The goods should be packed in strong cases.
4. The company would have achieved a higher sales level if the retail price had been decreased.
5. I thought that the organization had already started its work.
Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, содержащие инфинитив или инфинитивные обороты. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции инфинитива в предложении.
1. Like physical capital, human capital is important enough to be an indicator of economic development of a nation.
2. The dividends to be paid out this year will not be high.
3. We did not expect them to delay delivery.
4. The population of Russia has been found to be decreasing at a rapid rate.
5. As the price of one good rises, the consumer has to buy another good, whose price has not risen.
Задание 7. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.
MICROECONOMICS
The word ″micro″ means small, and microeconomics means economics in the small. The optimizing behavior of individual units such as households and firms provides the foundation for microeconomics.
Microeconomists may investigate individual markets or even the economy as a whole, but their analyses are derived from the aggregation of the behavior of individual units. Microeconomic theory is used extensively in many areas of applied economics. For example, it is used in industrial organization, labor economics, international trade, cost-benefit analysis, and many other economic subfields. The tools and analyses of microeconomics provide a common ground, and even a language, for economists interested in a wide range of problems.
At one time there was a sharp distinction in both methodology and subject matter between microeconomics and macroeconomics.
The methodological distinction became somewhat blurred during the 1970s as more and more macroeconomic analyses were built upon microeconcmic foundations. Nonetheless, major distinctions remain between the two major branches of economics. For example, the microeconomist is interested in the determination of individual prices and relative prices (i.e., exchange ratios between goods), whereas the macroeconomist is interested more in the general price level and its change over time.
Optimization plays a key role in microeconomics. The consumer is assumed to maximize utility or satisfaction subject to the constraints imposed by income or income earning power. The producer is assumed to maximize profit or minimize cost subject to the technological constraints under which the firm operates. Optimization of social welfare sometimes is the criterion for the determination of public policy.
Opportunity cost is an important concept in microeconomics. Many courses of action are valued in terms of what is sacrificed so that they might be undertaken. For example, the opportunity cost of a public project is the value of the additional goods that the private sector would have produced with the resources used for the public project.
Пояснения к тексту
aggregation – объединение, соединение частей
to blur – затуманивать, размывать
exchange ratios – ставка (соотношение) обмена
constraint – ограничение, стеснение
opportunity cost – альтернативные издержки
to sacrifice – пожертвовать, приносить в жертву
Задание 8. Перепишите вопросы и ответьте на них по-английски:
1. What is meant by ″economics in the small″?
2. What economic phenomena are of microeconomists’ attention?
3. Where is microeconomic theory used?
4. What is ″optimization″?
Задание 9. Напишите краткий реферат по данному тексту, используя клише данные в приложении.
Задание 10. Задайте письменно пять вопросов разного типа к тексту (Задание 7).
Задание 11. Напишите свою автобиографию в табличной и свободной форме (см. Задания к зачету и экзамену № 3 и 4).
ТЕКСТЫ И ЗАДАНИЯ К ЗАЧЕТУ И ЭКЗАМЕНУ
1. Выучите следующую лексику и приготовьтесь побеседовать на тему: I’m a student. My study at the university.
a student
an extramural student студент-заочник
a first-year student первокурсник
to study (at) учиться (в); изучать
a university
a branch (of) филиал
a department отделение
full-time department дневное отделение
part-time department вечернее отделение
extramural / correspondence department – заочное отделение
speciality специальность
economics and management
an undergraduate = a student
to enter поступать
to graduate (from) оканчивать (высшее учебное заведение)
the course of studies курс обучения
to last длиться, продолжаться
to take ... years
an academic year (a study year) учебный год
a term семестр
to take an examination сдавать экзамен
а credit test зачет
in advance заранее
to attend посещать
a lecture лекция
practical training практические занятия
to take notes вести конспект
a course paper курсовая работа
a graduation project дипломный проект
to submit (to present ) представлять
2. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста. Подготовьтесь к собеседованию на тему Higher education in the Russian Federation, используя вопросы после текста.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN RUSSIA.
Every citizen of our country has the right to education. It is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and insured by different types of educational establishments.
Education in Russia is compulsory up to the 9th form inclusive. After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10th and the 11th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession.
After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school young people can start working or go on in higher education. They can enter an institute or a university. There are the following types of higher schools in Russia: universities, institutes, various higher military schools and academies. They train specialists in different fields. There are three departments at the universities and institutes of Russia: full-time, part-time and extramural departments. The complete course of studies at an institute or a university usually takes 5 years.
Part-time and extramural students have an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. All applicants must take competitive exams if they want to enter a higher educational establishment. Higher education institutions offer a programme of academic subjects for undergraduates in a variety of fields, as well as a graduate course. If one finishes a graduate course and writes a thesis, he or she receives a candidate’s degree or a doctoral degree.
Higher educational establishments are headed by Rectors. Prorectors are in charge of academic and scientific work. An institute or a university has a number of faculties, each specializing in a field of study.
Training specialists at our Institutes combines theoretical studies with practical work and industrial training. Students have lectures and practical lessons. They attend lectures on different subjects and they take notes. During practical lessons they study the material of the lectures.
The academic year is divided into two terms from September to January and from February to July. Students take examinations at the end of a term or a study year. To pass examinations successfully students are to work hard during the academic year. They must not miss lectures and they must study regularly. Sometimes students take examinations and credit tests in advance. At the end of each term the student submits a course paper, and at the end of course of studies he presents a graduation project or passes final state examinations.