Задание. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужную форму.
1. Peter and Ann (go) away five minutes ago. 2. I (write) the letter but I (not send) it. 3. He just (go) away. 4. She already (answer) the letter. 5. She (answer) it on Tuesday. 6. I just (tell) you the answer. 7. I (read) that book in my summer holidays. 8. I (not see) him for three years. 9. I (be) glad to see him again some time. 10. What you (do)? — I (copy) the text from the text-book now. 11. He (go) to Moscow next week? 12. He (not smoke) for a month. He is trying to give it up. 13. When he (arrive)? — He (arrive) at 2.00. 14. You (switch off) the light before you left the house? 15. I (read) these books when I was at school. I (like) them very much. 16. I can't go out because I (not finish) my work. 17. I already (tell) you the answer yesterday. 18. What you (do) tomorrow in the morning? 19. I (not meet) him last week. 20. I usually (leave) home at seven and (get) here at twelve. 21. Here is your watch. I just (find) it. 22. You (not have) your breakfast yet?
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
can, may, must, sbi tild, ought, need
- не имеют формы инфинитива;
- имеют недостаточное значение, поэтому употребляются только в сочетании другими глаголами.
Напр., The images can be presented on colour screens;
- имеют не все временные формы, например,
Present Past Future
can could should
may might ought
must
ought
need
- не имеют окончания -s в 3 лице ед ч
The problem can be solved by detectmn systematic defects. The new channel may be included.
Поэтому для выражения всех реалий языка им необходимы слова, равные по значению, но имеющие вес грамматические формы, подобно другим глаголам, т.е. эквиваленты
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ общеобразовательные для всех специальностей
Прочитайте тексты, найдите ответы на поставленные вопросы, выполните упражнения.
The first language in the world.
Nobody knows what the first language was. But scientists feel to sure that nobody speaks it today because all languages change and keep on changing as long as people use them One language may change in different ways in different places and grow into several languages.
Children don't always use words exactly the way their parents do. They make small change in the sounds or in the meaning, in time these little changes add up to big changes. If we could meet the people who spoke English five hundred years ago, we probably couldn't understand much what they said.
English itself is a mixture of several languages. Scientists believe that these languages and many others all grew out of the same language which they call Indo-European. Nobody speaks it now. But some of its descendants are Latin, German, English, French, Greek, Russian and many of the different languages spoken in India.
Most civilizations and cultures - in their writings, traditions, folk stories - have some traces of the old language. Only sometimes the ancients tried to learn someihing about the languages by experiments. The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about the Egyptian king named Psammetichos. He decided to learn which of the world's languages was the oldest . For this he isolated two small children who could not speak yet. Sooner or laier they had to begin to speak, but they didn't have any language to imitate, so they would speak the most primitive of the languages, the king thought. One day the children said the word "bekos", it was similar to the Phrygian word for "bread". That was why Phrygian (a language once spoken in Asia Minor was thought to be the first language in the world, at least by king Psammetichos.
Phygian - фригийский язык Аsiа Minor - Малая Азия
1. What is English itself?
a) ... it's the language which is called Indo-European
b)... it's a mixture of several languages
c)... it's a language of scientists
2. What did Greek historian Herodotus write about Egyptian King ?
a)... Egyptian King knew the oldest language
b)... Egyptian King decided to learn which of the world's languages was the oldest
c)... Egyptian King discovered the first language.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Computer is a device for processing information. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is called hardware. A computer system is a combination of four elements:
• Hardware
• Software
• Procedures
• Data/information
Software are the programmes that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what to do.
The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. Computers take information in the form of instructions called programs and symbols called data. After that they perform various mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results (information). Computer is used to convert data into information. Computer is also used to store information in the digital form.
Working vocabulary:
device — устройство intelligence — разум
hardware — оборудование
software — программы
processing — обработка
procedures — процедуры, операции
perform — выполнять
manner — манера, способ
various — различные
purpose — цель
to convert — превращать
data — данные
to store — хранить
digital — цифровой
General understanding (Общее понимание текста):
1) What does the term «computer» describe?
2) Is computer intelligent?
3) What are four components of computer system?
4) What is software?
5) What's the difference between the hardware and software?
6) In what way terms «data» and «information» differ?
7) How does computer convert data into information?
Задание 15.3. Какие из приведенных ниже терминов имеют аналоги в русском языке?
computer, diskette, metal, processor, scanner, information, data, microphone, printer, modem, Internet.
Задание 15.4. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.
1) Computer is made of electronic components so it is referred to as electronic device.
2) Computer has no intelligence until software is loaded.
3) There are four elements of computer system: hardware, software, diskettes and data.
4) Without software instructions hardware doesn't know what to do.
5) The software is the most important component because it is made by people.
6) The user inputs data into computer to get information as an output.
Задание 15.5. Заполните пропуски:
1) Information in the form of instruction is called a...
2) The basic job of the computer is the ...
a) program
b) processing of information
WHAT IS HARDWARE ?
Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware — the devices composing a computer system.
Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
1) input hardware
2) processing hardware
3) storage hardware
4) output hardware.
Input hardware
Input hardware collects data and converts them into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand-held device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer.
Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer.
Processing hardware
Processing hardware directs the execution of software instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory.
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing.
Memory is the component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.
RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs
ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system.
The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.
Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.
Floppy disk (diskette) — a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing temporary computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25'and3.5'.
3.5' disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used.
CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digitized data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays.
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.
Monitor is a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics.
Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.
Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what you are going to do on your computer.
Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):
input hardware — устройства ввода данных
to convert — преобразовывать
suitable — подходящий, пригодный
mouse — « мышь »
to roll — катать, перекатывать
to reach — достигать
keyboard — клавиатура
cursor — курсор
processing hardware — устройства обработки данных
execution — выполнение
to direct — управлять
central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor — микропроцессор
brain — мозг
to interpret — переводить, интерпретировать
RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)
ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство)
storage hardware — устройства хранения данных
to retrieve — извлекать
hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»
CD-ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)
CD-ROM drives — дисководы CD-ROM
digitized — в цифровом виде
graphics — графика
temporary — временный
output hardware — устройства отображения информации
printer — печатающее устройство, принтер
scanner — сканирующее устройство, сканер
modem — модем
purpose — цель
to connect — соединять
to provide — обеспечивать
to affect — влиять
amount — количество
General understanding (Общее понимание текста):
1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware?
2. What groups of hardware exist?
3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?
4. What is the mouse designed for?
5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?
6. What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?
7. What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem?
Задание 15.7. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.
1. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing.
2. Scanner is used to input graphics only.
3. CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper.
4. User is unable to change the contents of ROM.
5. Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information.
6. Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.
7. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.
WINDOWS 98
Windows 98 is an operational system based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files. It's very easy to use Internet if you have Windows 98 on your computer.
Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interact with Internet more easy. Most everyday tasks are easier to do than before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon. Recycle Bin makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files. Your computer probably will crash less with Windows 98. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we will all think more about our data and less about the programs used to create them.
Window 98 plug-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. A new Windows 98 shortcuts capability makes it easy to reach frequently used files.
Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):
expanding windows principle — принцип расширяющихся окон
icons — иконки
represent — представлять
to interact — взаимодействовать
weapon — оружие
Recycle Bin — корзина
to recover — восстановить
deleted files — удаленные файлы
to crash — зависать, давать сбои