1) What is a software?
2) In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?
3) What is system software for?
4) What is an operating system — system or application software?
5) What is a «driver»?
6) What is application software?
7) What are application software for?
8) What is the tendency in application software market in recent years?
9) What is the application of the communication software?
Задание 16.4. Что из перечисленного является программным обеспечением?
1) Program
2) Mouse
3) CPU
4) Word processor
5) Modem
6) Web-browser
7) Operating system
8) Scanner
9) Developer
10)Equipment
Задание 16.5. Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.
1) Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.
2) System software controls internal computer activities.
3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used.
4) The information about memory capacity, the model of the processor and disk drives is unavailable for system software.
5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk driving.
6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware.
7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer resources.
8) Communication software is of great need now because of the new advances in communication technologies.
9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.
10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electronic communication through the network.
Задание Найдите эквиваленты в тексте:
1) Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.
2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставленную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность).
3) Этот класс программ самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга.
4) Системные программы предназначены для конкретных устройств компьютерной системы.
5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы «учите» систему «понимать» вновь присоединенное устройство.
6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память.
7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировала много к производству соответствующих программных продуктов возрастающим числом компаний-разработчиков.
Operating systems
When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.
Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities'and commands.
The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.
Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities.
OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system.
Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 prein-stalled.
UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.
Windows 95 & 98 are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Windows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.
Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):
complex — сложный
to consume — потреблять
consumer — потребитель
to realize — осознать
smart — умный, умно
decade — декада, десятилетие
version -— версия
to enhance — расширять, увеличивать
top — верх, вершина
on top of DOS — «сверху», на основе ДОС
compatible — совместимый
with a click of a mouse — одним нажатием кнопки мыши
access — доступ
to allow — позволять
multiple users — многочисленные пользователи
simultaneously — одновременно
to desire — желать
to ship — поставлять, доставлять
General understanding (Общее понимание текста):
1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's?
2) Why first programs were «complex» and «timeconsuming»?
3) What are the basic functions of operating system?
4) What does DOS abbreviation means?
5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose? Was the new operational system successful?
6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS?
7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is it DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?
8) Who is the developer of OS/2?
9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?
10) What are the remarkable features of Windows 95?
Тексты для технических специальностей
Properties of metals
The metals resemble one another in Iheti general chemical behavior with other substances, but they differ markedly in activity
The uses to which metalb are put are based upon their physical 01 chemical property The metals vary greatly in density.The lightest is lithium, which has the density of 0. 534 and is, therefore, about one-half as heavy as water. The heaviest is osmium (D 22 48) which is closely related to platinum (D. 21.45) in physical and chemical properties. The so-called light metals, of which sodium, potassium, magnesium aid aluminium are examples, have a density less than4, iron, lead, tin, silver, etc are known as heavy metals.
The metals also vary in hardness, from potassium, .which can be molded like wax, to chromium, which will cut glass The metais and other substances differ in the extent to which they can iesis1 a strain that tends to bring about a permanent change in their form A if substances offer more or less resistance to the flow of an electric current through them With any given substance, the resistance is determined by its dimensions ant) the temperature.
The solids obtained when two or more metals are mixed in the molten condition arid allowed to solidify are called alloys. Each constituent of an alloy is called a component. Alloys may be binary (two-component), ternary (three-component), etc. The ability of various metals to form alloys differs greatly.
1. What metal is the heaviest ?
a) vismium
b) platinum
c) iron
2. What metal is the lightest ?
a) sodium
b) potassium
c) lithium
3. To what group of metals does aluminum belong ?
a) It belongs to its own group
b) It belongs to light metals
c) It belongs to heavy meials
Electric car
A GROUP of enthusiasts at the lensoviei Instituit of Techt ilogy in 1 enmgrad led by the Rector of the Institute, Valentin Aleskovsky, Corresponding Member of ihe Academy of Sciences have developed an electric car. In appearance, it is like an ordinary Moskvich but has no gearbox, no accelerator-no fuel tank and no internal combustion engine. The place of the engine is taken by an electric motor.
The idea ot electric car is not new, but the main hurdle has always been the absence of a reliable power source. Expermiental battery cars could cover at most, 100 km without recharging their batteries. The Moskvich assembled in Lenmgrad went 150 km on its first trial road and still had reserves for another 150 km.
“The battery cell has definite drawbacks as a рowег source”, saidd Valentin Aleskovsky, “it is heavy, weak and inconvenient We decided to create electio-chemical generators, to be more exact magnesium cells. In this case oxidized magnesium acid as a fuel whitc produces electric power without begin burned.”
"This device mounted on at Moskvitc enabled ttu, car to run, without conventional fuel, over a distance of 150 km. The power ot our eltcric car is 12 kW but we are confident it could be increased several times over, enough for a heavy duty truck.
Many research insututiuns in Lennigrad have taken a keen (острый) interest in our work, and we believe tlhat joint effort will soon develop a battery tor a car to cover more than 500 km without recharging, which is good enough for urban conditions. Fverythings still in the future. We will probably have to keep on improving the good old Moskvich, but then the makers of the ftist car started off from an ordinary horse-driven cart… We hope to have the new trials of our electiomobile this years”.
The engineers, who conducted the trials all agree that the electromobile has а smooth run, is is easy to drive, has good acceleration and makes no noise. Another important fact the new generator has an efficiency factor of 60 per cent compared to 40 per cent of the petrol engine !t looks like the. electromobile has a great future.
1. What .similarity ( сходство, подобие) is between a Moskvich and an electric car?
a) appearance
b) size
с) absence of power source
2. What distance can the car run without conventional fuel ?
a) 100 km
b) 150 km
c) 500 km
3 Whal do the engeneers think about the eletiromobile?
a) it is difllcult to drive
b) it is e easy to drive
c) makes no noise
Components of the automobile.
Automobiles are trackless, self-propelled vehicles for land transportation of people or goods, or foe moving materials. There are three main types of automobiles. These are passenger cars, buses and lorries ( tracks). The automobile consist of the following components:
a) the engine, b) the framework ( рама), c) the mechanism that transmits the power from engine wheels, d) the body.
Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal combustion engine. They аre distinguished by the horsepower of the engine, the number of cylinders in the engine and the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase, weight and overall length.
There are engines of various designs. They differ in the number of cylinders, their position, their operating cycle, valve mechanism, ignition and cooling system.
Most .automobile engines have from four to eight cylinders, although some six-, twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are used. The activities that take place jn the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages which are called strokes ( ход поршня). The four strokes are; intake, compression, power and exhaust. "Stroke" refers to the piston movement. The upper limit of piston movement is called top dead centre: TDC. The lower limit of piston movement is called bottom dead centre, BDC. A stroke constitutes piston movement fromTDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of motion.
Components of the Automobile
1 How many main types of automobile do you know ?
a) 3
b) 2
c) 5
2. What is TDC?
a) the upper limit of piston movement
b) the lower limit of piston movement
c) the middle position of piston movement
3. How many strokes do you know and what are they ?
Engine
The engine is the power plant of any vehicle. In general internal-combustion engines are used for operating with some fuel (petrol, benzol, diesel oil). Depending on their combustion process, the engines are fundamentally classified as carburettor engines and diesel engines.
Sometimes, (the carburettor engines are called light-oil engines and the diesel engines are called heavy-oil engines.
Another difference results from the working- method of flue internal-combustion engine. A difference is made between four-stroke cycle engines and two-stroke cycle engines
The engine is assembled of various cast pieces: its foundation and main stationary body is formed by the cylinder block with the top portion of the crankcase to which the.cylinder heads and the bottem portion of the crankcase are bolted. The crankcase with its main bearings houses the crank-drive aseembly, comprising the pistons, the wrist-pins (цапфа), the connecting rods and the crankshaft. Besides the valves, valve-operating mechanism with camshaft( распределительный вал), control gears and valve tappets, ignition system( система зажигания), carburettor,water pump, fan, fue feed ( подача топлива) pump and oil pump are parts of the engine.
Arragement and number of cylinders in the engine are decisive for its external shape .There are motorcar engines with two, three, four, six, eight, twelve and more cylinders arranged in various forms to each otherю In most cases they arу arranged in one block (cylinder block).
Answer the questions:
1. What is the engine ?
a) a vehicle
b) a power plant of the vehicle
c) a foundation
2. What is the crankcase ?
3 What parts of the engine do you know ?
RUBBER
We all know what rubber is. We have seen it on the wheels of cars; we have
used it to rub out mistakes in drawing; we have played games with rubber balls. When we press a piece of rubber we change its shape. But as soon as we stop pressing, the rubber springs back to its first shape; we therefore say that rubber is elastic.
Rubber was first used to make rubber balls. In 1492, Columbus sailed from Spain and discovered America. One of the many strange things which he and his men saw in America was a game played with rubber balls. They noticed that the rubber balls bounced much better than the balls which they had used in their own country. When they sailed home again they told their friends that the balls were made from the gum of a tree.