1) In designing and constructing plans and products, management must draw on technology and physical science.
2) The way of doing a job would be no longer be determined by guesswork.
3) Taylor’s solutions to the problems were based on his own experience.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3.
The Flaws of Age Discrimination
1. The British employment laws have encouraged younger people to value the wisdom that age and experience brings - often confounding their prejudices and establishing a new respect and friendship that bridge the age-gap. There is also a measurable change in the recognition of age-linked capability. "60 is the new 40" people are fond of saying. And it's true. Given better health, education and opportunity, the middle-aged are far more ambitious, adaptable and teachable than they used to be, just a generation ago.
2. In the case of ageism, there must be very few who would want to return to that old workplace atmosphere, in the UK, where the over 40's lived in permanent fear of redundancy, just because their boss might feel one morning that they were past their 'sell by date'. That was a type of institutionalized, bullying behaviour, and was certainly a stress factor to the employee involved. Also fear itself is known to inhibit performance out of all proportion to the actual risk and a constant mood of apprehension would certainly impact upon both team and individual productivity. But if the UK can claim to be at the forefront of anti-ageism, I can assure you that some profoundly mixed messages can come out of the whole ageism agenda. Take the selection of TV news presenters. The television stations have to achieve ratings based on viewer choice, so it is possible to argue that the bias in favour of young, female newscasters is justified, as it's clearly an appearance-based role.
3. Sometimes it appears that it may soon become an offence to remunerate people in respect of their valuable experience and qualification! I certainly hope not. A job should be given on the person's ability to do it - whether the applicant is 20 or 60, a slim young female with a pretty face or a middle-aged man with a moustache. The person specification should relate closely to the criteria of the job specification.
VII. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)
а) истинными (true)
б) ложными (false)
в) в тексте нет информации (no information)
1) The British employment laws have improved peace of mind.
2) It never appears that it may soon become an offence to remunerate people in respect of their valuable experience and qualification!
3) Ageism leads a person to a stress.
VIII. Прочитайте абзац 3 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
What are the criteria to be given a job?
Контрольная работа №2
Вариант №1
I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения
(a – j), соответствующие существительным:
| 1) commerce | a) the activity of buying, selling, or exchanging goods within a country or between countries |
| 2) export | b) a country or area that is under political control of a more powerful country |
| 3) import | c) the people who live in the same area, town, etc. |
| 4) colony | d) the sale of goods in shops to customers for their own use |
| 5) equipment | e) the business of selling and sending goods to other countries |
| 6) currency | f) very large shop |
| 7) community | g) place where you buy things |
| 8) retail | h) the system or type of money that a country uses |
| 9) shop | i) the tools, machines, clothes etc. that you need to do a particular job |
| 10) supermarket | j) a product that that is brought from one country into another |
II. a) Выполните КОПР № 3, 5.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Japan’s growth has been becoming much less dependent on exports lately.
2) He finally came at 11 a.m. I had been waiting for him in the office since 8:30 a.m.
3) The US economy has been improving since the global financial crisis.
III. a) Выполните КОПР № 1.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните герундий и инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) American consumers cannot keep spending more than they earn.
2) Tracing the complex flows of funds is often difficult.
3) Congress failed to approve proposal that the two countries have normalized trade relations.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты часто соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Russia’s population is expected to fall by 22 % between 2005 and 2050.
2) Insurance companies consider manual workers to be high risk.
3) Price rises are likely to grow next year.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 3.
Foreign Trade of the UK
1. The prominent position of British commerce in world trade during the 18th and 19th centuries resulted largely from the geographical isolation of the British Isles from the wars and political troubles. The development of the great trading companies, colonial expansion, and naval control of the high seas* were main factors. Before the 17th century the foreign trade of England was almost completely in the hands of foreigners. Wool was the principal export, and manufactured goods were the chief imports. Under the mercantile system the government fostered British foreign trade, the development of shipping, and trading companies. As British overseas possessions increased, the raising of sheep for wool and mutton became a major occupation in the colonies. The practice of exporting wool from England was gradually replaced by the import of wool and the manufacture and export of fabrics. Cotton textiles, iron, steel, and coal soon became significant British exports.
2. In the early 1990s Britain remained one of the world’s leading trading nations. Its major exports were road vehicles and other transportation equipment, industrial machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, etc. Exports were valued at $190 billion annually in the early 1990s. In the same period, annual imports totaled $221 billion. Trade with other Commonwealth members and with the sterling area (a group of countries whose currencies are tied to the British pound sterling) declined after Great Britain joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) in 1973. Trade with Western Europe has become more important.
3. Most domestic retail trade is conducted through independently owned shops, although the number of chain stores and supermarkets is increasing. More than half of all wholesale trade is carried out in London.
VI. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)
а) истинными (true)
б) ложными (false)
в) в тексте нет информации (no information)
1) As British overseas possessions increased, the raising of sheep for wool and mutton became a minor occupation in the colonies
2) In the early 1990s the major exports in Britain were road vehicles and other transportation equipment.
3) UK trade with USA is increasing fast.
VII. Прочитайте абзац 2 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
When did trade with other Commonwealth members and with the sterling area decline?
Вариант №2
I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения
(a – j), соответствующие существительным:
| 1) manager | a) raising money for a person |
| 2) consumer | b) danger; a chance of suffering harm or loss |
| 3) entrepreneur | c) anything that is done |
| 4) benefits | d) a person who buys goods or services |
| 5) risk | e) one in charge of managing an enterprise for business |
| 6) job | f) a trademark or label that names a product |
| 7) research | g) a person who launches or manages a business venture |
| 8) brand | h) a rise in the amount or size of something |
| 9) increase | i) offers a public service as water, heat, electricity |
| 10) utility | j) a detailed study of a subject |
II. a) Выполните КОПР № 3, 5.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Managing change effectively had been related to success before the economic crisis.
2) The company representatives have been negotiating a contract for two hours.
3) The exhibition has always been the place for introducing new products and new technologies.
III. a) Выполните КОПР № 1.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните герундий и инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Organizations exist to combine human efforts in order to achieve certain goals.
2) We have to decide whether it’s worth risking the money
3) Entrepreneurs are responsible for such economic decisions as what to produce, how much to produce and what method of production to adopt.
IV. Письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты часто соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Entrepreneurship is regarded to be the first step to success.
2) You want us to help your company by lending you money, don’t you?
3) You expect us to save time for you and get nothing in return.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
Entrepreneurs
1. Entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages a business. This is a French word that has been accepted into the English language. Entrepreneurs are a mystery to some people, especially those who are only comfortable with a nine-to-five existence. The entrepreneur is a business person who prefers to take calculated risks in order to be his or her own boss.
2. Sometimes the entrepreneur is regarded as a business person who takes risks. This is not so. An entrepreneur is a business person who minimizes risks. He does this by advance planning, research, and consideration of all factors that could affect his enterprise. When the entrepreneur forgets to do advance investigation and preparation, then he can be a failure.
3. Speaking about entrepreneurship, professor K.Vesper of the University of Washington says that “Business continue to be launched by people who didn’t make it the first time around. A driving force in entrepreneurship is addictiveness. Once people have a taste of freedom in a business of their own, they like it. They don’t want to go back to working for someone else.”
4. While the percentage of growth for men entering into business independence is not high, women’s increase in a single decade was 69 percent. There is no mystery here. Women go into business for the same reason men do – to make money and to be their own bosses. The rise in female entrepreneurship is like what the early-20th-century immigrants did – and the more recent waves of immigrants from different parts of the world. Entrepreneurship is regarded to be the first step to success.
VI. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)
а) истинными (true)
б) ложными (false)
в) в тексте нет информации (no information)
1) An entrepreneur is regarded as a business person who takes risks.
2) Once people have a taste of freedom in a business of their own, they don’t want to go back to working for someone else.
3) Each person who owns stock in a corporation becomes its co-owner.
VII. Прочитайте абзац 5 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
Why do women go into business?
Вариант №3
I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения
(a – j), соответствующие существительным:
| 1) decade | a) the amount as of money or goods, asked for or given in exchange for something else |
| 2) export | b) business enterprise; a firm |
| 3) business | c) to send or transport abroad, especially for trade or sale |
| 4) company | d) the occupation, work, or trade in which a person is engaged |
| 5) wage | e) a period of ten years |
| 6) profit | f) articles produced to be sold |
| 7) goods | g) payment for labor or services to a worker, especially remuneration on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis |
| 8) consumer | h) the capacity of a physical system to do work |
| 9) price | i) the return received on an investment after all charges have been paid |
| 10) energy | j) a person who buys goods or uses services |
II. a) Выполните КОПР № 3, 5.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Figures show that unemployment has been growing since 1990s.
2) Proposals have been put forward for increasing worker mobility.
3) Experts have been warning of the bankruptcy since the company was founded.
III. a) Выполните КОПР № 1.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните герундий и инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) The two carmakers hope to achieve savings of 5% on common projects.
2) American corporations begin to offer entire packages of services.
3) After some hard talking officials decided to take part in a meeting in Geneva.
IV. Письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты часто соответствуют придаточным предложениям.