1) Mobile operators appear to have realized that they need to open up their networks.
2) The Fed[‡] is reported to accept the document issued by “government-sponsored” enterprises.
3) They called for America’s illegal immigrants to be treated sensibly and humanely.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3, 4.
Land of the Rising Price
1. Japan is the place that should greet the return of inflation with joy. The country has had deflation for over a decade. After an economic recovery which began in 2002 firms pay better wages.
2. Prices are on the rise. The Bank of Japan (BOJ) raised its forecast for ‘core’ inflation in the fiscal year ending in March 2009 to 1.8% up from 1.1%. But even Japan’s “core” inflation rate is rising, as higher prices for wholesale goods pass on to consumers. Higher prices not only do harm to Japan’s external strength. They are hurting companies’ profit margins at home.
3. The prices of Japan’s exports relative to imports have deteriorated[§] for at least four years. Japan’s recovery was supported by strong exports to China, Europe and oil-exporting countries. In value terms, exports to America are shrinking. Now, export growth to Europe looks as if it is shaking.
4. For as long as money remains cheap, corporate restructuring is unlikely to take hold. Some companies will continue to earn for a living on a drip of cheap credit, while plenty of unproductive sectors and smaller businesses will escape the kind of consolidation they need.
VI. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)
а) истинными (true)
б) ложными (false)
в) в тексте нет информации (no information)
1) Japan has been in the grip of deflationary forces for over a decade.
2) A burst of inflation won’t provide what economy needs.
3) Consumers are not satisfied with higher prices in Japan.
VII. Прочитайте абзац 1 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
What Japan’s recovery was supported by?
Вариант №4
I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения
(a – j), соответствующие существительным:
| 1) workforce | a) number of people living in a place, country, etc. |
| 2) service | b) making of goods and materials |
| 3) bank | c) the members of the population able to work |
| 4) job | d) money paid regularly for work done |
| 5) rise | e) business agreement |
| 6) industry | f) system or arrangement that supplies public needs |
| 7) deal | g) establishment for keeping money and valuables safely |
| 8) wage | h) employment, post |
| 9) manufacturing | i) upward progress |
| 10) population | j) branch of trade and manufacture |
II. a) Выполните КОПР № 3, 5.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Before John celebrated his 26th birthday, he had started his own company.
2) The world’s leading gas and oil exporter has become one of the most attractive markets in the world.
3) The company has been dealing in car sales for many years.
III. a) Выполните КОПР № 1.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните герундий и инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Banks are interested in keeping most of their money in circulation so that it should bring them profit.
2) In 1913 H. Ford began to use assembly-line techniques in his plant.
3) Many countries in Asia have an absolute advantage in manufacturing electronic goods.
IV. Письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты часто соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) The RF government is expected to put considerable efforts and financial resources into transport infrastructure, development and modernization.
2) Most secretarial and clerical jobs require the applicant to take a written examination.
3) Some of the major investors wanted the bank to pay a higher interest rate.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 2, 3.
Employment
1. By the year 2000 Britain’s working population – the workforce – was 27 million (nearly 50 per cent of the total population). Those in employment include full-time, part-time and self-employed people. People are employed in manufacturing and service.
2. Employment is also often divided into sections according to the types of work and social class. These categories include professional, manual and non-manual. A doctor, for example, is a professional in the service sector, while a steelworker would be a manual worker (skilled or unskilled) in the manufacturing sector. One trend is very clear in Britain: fewer people now make cars or work in coal mines; more work for banks and hotels.
3. In 1951 ninety-six per cent of the people in work in Britain had full-time jobs and the majority of these (seventy per cent) were held by men. By 2000 twenty-one per cent of jobs were part-time and forty-four per cent of workers were women. The basic employment trend of the 1980s continued, with a general rise in the number of part-time jobs for women, particularly in service industries. The number of people who were self-employed also rose due partly to new technologies and to changing work patterns.
4. There are big differences in pay between men and women. The average full-time wage for women is still only 80 per cent of the male average, even when the same job is involved. Certain highly-paid occupations such as surgery are still almost exclusively for men.
VI. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)
а) истинными (true)
б) ложными (false)
в) в тексте нет информации (no information)
1) Employment has risen among people over 55.
2) People are engaged in production and service.
3) The numbers of part-time jobs for women rose due partly to new technologies.
VII. Прочитайте абзац 4 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
What are differences in pay between men and women?
Вариант №5
I. Переведите письменно существительные (1-10). Выберите определения
(a – j), соответствующие существительным:
| 1) debt | a) the business of buying and selling a specified commodity |
| 2) market | b) a governing body or organization |
| 3) goods | c) articles produced to be sold |
| 4) government | d) the amount of money or goods, asked for or given in exchange for something else |
| 5) price | e) something owed, such as money, goods, or services |
| 6) taxpayer | f) an amount of cash or credit |
| 7) money | g) a person who buys goods or uses services |
| 8) bank | h) money in the form of bills or coins; currency |
| 9) cash | i) a business establishment in which money is kept for saving or commercial purposes or is invested |
| 10) consumer | j) one that pays taxes |
II. a) Выполните КОПР № 3, 5.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Managers have been increasing sales these three years.
2) The main car manufacturers have raised the prices for car parts .
3) Why have advertising agencies and marketing companies been interested?
III. a) Выполните КОПР № 1.
б) В следующих предложениях подчеркните герундий и инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) It is very important to listen to customers.
2) You can enjoy the conversation without worrying about when to pay.
3) You should start by offering 10 percent to 15 percent less than the list price.
IV. Письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что инфинитивные обороты часто соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Advertisers are supposed to focus on young people.
2) The company is likely to expand into new markets in the US.
3) Retailers are expected to have a website, where customers can do research before going to the store.
V. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзацы 1, 2, 3.
The US Economy
1. The United States of America has the world's largest economy. 2007 GDP is believed to be three times the size of the next largest economy, Japan. US dominance has been eroded by the creation of the European Union common market and by the rapid growth of the BRIC[**] economies, in particular China.
2. The recent failure in the US housing and credit markets have resulted in a slowdown in the US economy. The forces of supply and demand directly drive the price levels of goods and services. What to produce, and how much of it is to be produced depends on the price level fixed by the interaction of supply and demand.
3. The role of government in the US economy is very important when it comes to decision-making in monetary and fiscal policies. The federal government takes all the necessary initiatives to ensure the growth and stability of the United States. The US government makes full use of economic tools such as money supply, tax rates, and credit control to adjust the rate of economic growth. The US Federal Government also regulates the operations of private business concerns in order to prevent monopolies. The government provides support for national defense, monetary aid for research and development programs, funds for highway construction and infrastructure in general.
4. The question of national debt is a controversial one within the US. American consumers are also increasingly dependent on debt and have been re-mortgaging their houses to higher loan amounts, and using the extra cash to fund shopping. This debt figure is the largest in the world in absolute terms, but as a percentage of GDP it is less than Japan and similar to several European countries. Most of the debt is funded by central banks and sovereign wealth funds from Asia, Europe and the Middle East.
VI. Определите, являются ли приведенные ниже утверждения (1, 2, 3)
а) истинными (true)
б) ложными (false)
в) в тексте нет информации (no information)
1) The US government makes full use of economic tools.
2) The president takes all the necessary initiatives to ensure the growth and stability of the United States.
3) The capital of the USA is Washington D.C.
VII. Прочитайте абзац 4 и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:
Are American consumers dependent on national debt?
Тексты для дополнительного чтения
Text 1
ART OR SCIENCE?
Like most things in our modern, changing world, the function of management is becoming more complex. The role of a manager today is much different from what it was one hundred years, fifty years or even twenty-five years ago. At the turn of the century, for example, the business manager’s objective was to keep his company running and to make a profit. Most firms were production oriented. Few constraints affected management’s decisions. Governmental agencies imposed little regulations on business. The modern manager must now consider the environment in which the organization operates and be prepared to adopt a wider prospective. That is, the manager must have a good understanding of management principles, an appreciation of the current issues and broader objectives of the total economic political, social, and ecological system in which we live, and he must possess the ability to analyze complex problems.
The modern manager must be sensitive, and responsive to the environment - that is he should recognize and be able to evaluate the needs of the total context in which his business functions, and he should act in accord with his understanding.
Modern management must possess the ability to interact in an evermore-complex environment and to make decisions. A major part of the manager’s job will be to predict what the environment needs and what changes will occur in the future.
Organizations exist to combine human efforts in order to achieve certain goals. Management is the process by which these human efforts are combined with each other and with material resources. Management encompasses both science and art. In designing and constructing plans and products, management must draw on technology and physical science, of course, and, the behavioral sciences also can contribute to management. In handling people and managing organizations it is necessary to draw on intuition and subjective judgment. But although the artistic side of management may be declining in its proportion of the whole process it will remain central and critical portion of your future jobs. In short:
- Knowledge (science) without skill (art), or dangerous;
- Skill (art) without knowledge (science) means stagnancy and inability to pass on learning;
Text 2
HISTORY OF ECONOMICS
In the 1500s there were few universities. Those that existed taught religion, Latin, Greek, Philosophy, history and mathematics. No economics. Then came the enlightenment (about 1700) in which reasoning replaced God as the explanation of why things were the way they were. Pre-Enlightenment thinkers would answer the question, “Why am I poor?” with, “Because God wills it”. Enlightenment scholars looked for a different explanation. “Because of the nature of land ownership” is one answer the found.
The amount of information expanded so rapidly that it had to be divided or categorized for an individual to have hope of knowing a subject. Soon philosophy
Was subdivided into science and philosophy. In the 1700s, the sciences were split into natural sciences and social sciences. The late 1800s and early 1900s social science itself split into subdivisions: economics, political science, history, geography, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. Many of the insights about how the economic system worked were codified in Adam Smith’s The wealth of Nations, written in 1776.
Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries economists such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, David Ricardo, and Karl Marx were more than economists; they were social philosophers who covered all aspects of social science. These writers were subsequently called Classical economists. Alfred Marshall continued in that classical tradition, and his book, Principles of Economics, published in the late 1800s, was written with the other social sciences in evidence. But Marshall focused on the questions that could be asked in a graphical supply-demand framework. In doing so he began what is called neo-classical economics.