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INFLATION
The control of rising prices and the depreciating value of money has been an aim of economic policy for many years. In the past, it was thought that the control of inflation created unemployment and that inflation only occurred at times of full or near-full employment. In recent years, the problem has been much more serious because rising inflation has been accompanied by high levels of unemployment.
A simple description of inflation is too much money chasing too few goods. It poses a serious problem because it has so many bad effects. The first obvious one is that one's money buys less and less as prices of goods and services continue to rise and one's standard of living falls as a result. This is made worse by the fact that people of low and fixed incomes, for example pensioners, are most seriously affected and they are the least able to help themselves.
It is argued by some economists that some inflation is good for the economy, since deflation leads to unemployment and depression, but clearly, a high level of inflation is injurious and makes economic progress difficult, if not possible. Successive governments, therefore, introduce policies which are designed to control inflation. These fall into two groups. The first aims to decrease demand for goods and services. It includes increases in taxation, restriction of credit, and raising of interest rates, all of which reduce consumers' spending power (demand). These measures are usually supported by reduced government expenditure which, in turn, decreases the amount of money circulating in the economy and is therefore a further control on demand.
The second group of measures aims to hold or reduce costs and therefore prices. The chief measure is the carrying out of an incomes policy designed to control wages and salaries at a specified level or specific ones to the level of increased productivity achieved.
Economists talk of, and distinguish between, cost-push inflation -price rises which occur because the costs of production are increasing more than output, and demand-pull inflation - price rises which occur as a result of increased demand. The two types of inflation are closely connected.
Control of inflation
In recent years many measures have been used in an attempt to control inflation. The main ones have been those which limit rises in incomes and prices. While prices and incomes policies do help to control inflation, they obviously do not provide a complete answer. The level of prices at home depends to some extend on the prices of imports, which are determined by factors outside our control, as well as on the value of home currency, which depends partly on the levels of other countries' currencies.
The only permanent answer to the control of inflation is an increase in productivity - and consequently total production - that is easier said than achieved. Many internal and external influences govern economic activity and performance. The government must try to influence and control these for the best interests of the country and its people, through measures which affect the supply of money in the economy, taxation and other controls.
Приложение
Федеральное агентство по образованию
ГОУ ВПО
ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ЗАОЧНЫЙ ФИНАНСОВО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ
Кафедра _____________________
Факультет__________________ Специальность___________________
(направление)
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №___
по дисциплине ______________________________________
____________________________________________________
Студент__________________________
(Ф.И.О.)
Курс________ № группы _________
Личное дело № ___________________
Преподаватель ___________________
(Ф.И.О.)
Москва – 200__
[*] Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)- содружество независимых государств
[†] Gross Domestic Product (GDP)- валовой внутренний продукт
* high seas – море за пределом территориальных вод
[‡] Fed (Federal Reserve System) - Федеральная резервная система
[§] Deteriorate - ухудшать; портить; повреждать
[**] BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China)- БРИК
[††] Chief Executive Officer – генеральный директор
[‡‡] Chief Financial Officer - специалист по финансово-стратегическому планированию