1. Molecular crystals are solids constructed of molecules held together by relatively weak forces.
2. The new materials recommended for soil construction were described in the article written by our professor.
3. Having been shown the way I found the office easily.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Energy can exist in many forms and each form can be transformed into the other.
2. The computers should become an integral part of the organization of industrial processes of all types.
3. Students are not allowed to smoke in the classrooms.
4. One should agree that the experiment was of great importance for our research.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
SHEEP REARING
The success in sheep rearing is largely dependent upon the choice of a suitable breed of ewe and ram.
Having decided upon the breed of ram, various points must be looked at in selecting a suitable animal. He must be free from disease and foot troubles and must have no broken or missing teeth.
Excessively fat rams are lazy and may temporarily be sterile. The animal must also be well-grown and mature. These points are especially important if a ram-lamb is to be used, that is, one which is under a year old. With a shearing ram, that is, one which has been shorn and is over one year old, these points are less important but much more notice must be taken of whether or not he is fat.
Rams should be selected from the progeny of ewes capable of producing lambs that grow rapidly and produce a good carcass. The only method of ensuring that rams come from prolific and good-mothering strains is to record the performance of a ewe and her offspring.
The aim in selecting a ewe is to get an animal that is prolific and a good mother. Prolificacy, or the ability to produce, if possible, twin-lambs, is influenced by breed as well as by general management. Prolificacy is usually expressed in the form of a lambing percentage. A satisfactory percentage is 150. This means that a flock of 100 ewes produces 150 lambs, some ewes having twins, some triplets, others single lambs.
To judge the mothering ability, one must assess whether a ewe will milk well for at least 8 to 10 weeks, enabling her lamb to grow fast. An important point in selecting breeding ewes concerns their health. Ewes should have sound feet and mouth and have a good udder.
ВАРИАНТ 3.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. It is the car that will be the transport of the future.
2. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and masses of bodies.
6) 1. Elements are transformed into other elements both by man and by nature.
2. The report will be improved by him by changing the end.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He heard the voices coming through the open window.
2. A balsa tree found in South America is lighter than any other.
3. Soils containing too much sand or clay are of less value in agriculture.
4. When studying elements Mendeleyev found that they were divided into nine groups.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. She can tell you everything about cattle.
2. The application of digital (цифровой) computers should include all forms of automatic control in science and industry.
3. He had much work to do yesterday.
4. The team of experts is to study the present situation in agriculture.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
FEEDING OF DAIRY STOCK
A liberal diet is given to the cow in calf for the last 6 or 8 weeks before she is to calve. It is best to prepare the cow slowly so that she has time to build up body reserves. High feeding over a short period is not satisfactory. It should last 2 or 3 months as it is during the last 2 to 3 months of pregnancy that the unborn calf makes its most growth.
Here is one example of a method of feeding giving good results with calves from such breeds as the Ayrshire, Friesian and Shorthorn, or cross-bred calves from these breeds. The calves are removed from their dams, within 12 hours of birth and fed colostrum from a bucket. Alter a few days the colostrum is changed to milk and whole-milk feeding is continued until the end of the second week that is to 14 days of age. During the third week the feed is half milk and half milk substitute mixed with 0.5 gal of warm water and fed twice a day. By about the beginning of the fourth week the changeover to milk substitute will be completed. A little good hay and concentrates should be offered from about 3 weeks of age.
Summer Feeding. In early spring grass is of high feeding value, and particularly rich in amino acids and proteins. It is laxative and has so little fibre at this time that it becomes necessary to give the cow some fibrous material such as hay or good-quality oat or barley straw. As the summer progresses the grass becomes more mature, more fibre is then available for the proper functioning of the rumen.
Concentrates are usually fed in some small degree to dairy herds in the summer-time. They may be absolutely necessary to supplement poor or inadequate grazing, and they may be necessary in the ration of the cow that is in peak production.
Winter Feeding. From time immemorial in winter cattle have been fed on a diet consisting wholly or mainly of hay. The practice of providing hay for winter period for all classes of cattle is still very popular. Despite the fact that other kinds of winter forage as kale, cabbage and a variety of kinds of silage are being used now, hay is still by far the most commonly used winter fodder.
ВАРИАНТ 4.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. He has forgotten his English since he graduated the Academy.
2. The problem of the structure of matter is constantly occupying the minds of many scientists.
б) 1. Fifty students were admitted to the faculty last August.
2. Many compounds can be decomposed when they are acted upon by different forms of energy.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. They reminded at home refusing to go anywhere that day.
2. Matter composed of any chemical combination of elements is called a compound.
3. The smallest particle having all the characteristics of an element is called an atom.
4. When started and completed its construction became the best.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Heat can be divided into three different types.
2. He was to stay at the office until the report was ready.
3. Chemical means had to be used for the separation of compounds into their elements.
4. The existence of this theory laser in the future may be possible.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
THE GESTATION PERIOD (SHEEP)
A higher lambing percentage will result from raising the level of nutrition of ewes before mating. This is called flushing. Where ewes are fat, flushing is a twofold operation. The first involves heavy stocking on bare pasture for about 2 weeks. This allows ewes to lose any surplus of fat they may carry. In the second stage, they are moved on to good sheep pasture which is stocked at normal rates. Raising the level of nutritious stimulates coming into heat (период течки) and higher percentage of twins may be produced in this case.
During the first three months of the gestation period there is no need, in a normal season, to allow ewes anything but grass. Most grazing is sufficiently productive until late in November to feed a pregnant ewe. During the last two months of the pregnancy period management must be of high standard if good results at lambing time and afterwards are to be expected. As there is only little feeding value in grass in the winter months, supplementary feeding of the ewes must begin about December.
A gradual introduction of the additional feed to the ewes will raise the plane of nutrition and keep pace with the increasing feed demands being made on the part of the foetus. The supplementary feeding consists of good-quality hay, roots, silage. Concentrates are of great importance for the final development of the young lamb and should be introduced to the ewes about 4 weeks before lambing.
It is best to keep ewe and lamb for a day or two in a pen until they have settled and the sheepman is sure the lamb is getting plenty of milk. Two or three days after lambing the ewe and her lamb are to be moved into a field which preferably has been rested from sheep for at least 2 months. Lambs are solely dependent upon their mother's milk for the first 2 to 3 weeks of their lives. In order to maintain a high milk yield the feeding must be sufficient to supply the ewe not only for her own maintenance but also with an adequate remount of nutrients for a good level of milk production.
ВАРИАНТ 5.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а) 1. Many students come to the Academy by their own cars.
2. Laser devices will apparently make it possible to build extremely fast computer elements.
б) 1. A new experiment will be finished soon.
2. The material was looked for many scientific books.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. It’s not only an efficient tool for studying the physical properties of solids.
2. Having obtained the necessary results they stopped their experimental work.
3. When translated, his article was sent to the ICC.
4. All the houses made of wood were burning like paper.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите.
1. A mechanical feeding system should be completely automatically.
2. The water that comes to the field must get to the roots of every plant.
3. The best way of keeping the bull is to have a special barn for him.
4. Man could improve the soil using and discovering more kinds of soils.
IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY STOCK
In farming practice the majority of calves are born to dairy cows kept for the production of milk for sale. Therefore, in order to rear calves it is frequently necessary to deprive them of their natural feeding and environment and to rear them in some artificial way.
As soon as the calf is removed from its mother, it is important that there is a dry bedding of straw for the calf to lie on and for it to be well away from draughts.
The first milk, or colostrum, produced by the cow after calving has been designed by nature as a food most suited to the needs of the young calf.
If the calf is left with its mother, it will start to suckle almost as soon as it can stand. With calves being removed from their mothers, the first milk must be provided regularly for at least the first 3 or 4 days.
The first 6 months or so in the life of a calf, whether it be ultimately for beef or dairy, is the most important time in the rearing programme. Good feeding and management at this stage are the best means of ensuring the calf grow quickly for production and profit.
It is very common for a heifer to be bred at the age of about 2 years.
The gestation period of the cow is 280 days. Normally, the cow will calve at 12-monthly intervals.
The calf born in autumn will get most of its food from good nutritious grazing during the first summer. The calves certainly grow faster with some grain, and are also better able to resist disease and parasitic troubles. Up to about 2 lb (0.9 kg) of a mainly cereal mixture per head per day is quite adequate. At the same time, a mineral supplement can conveniently be added to the concentrates. A clean water supply is most important.
It is well-known that the sire is half of the herd. That is why the herd bull must be kept in good breeding condition, especially at the time of service. It is also well-known that the ability to produce milk and butterfat can be transmitted to the offspring through the male as well as through the female.
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
РЕКОМЕНДУЕМЫЕ УЧЕБНИКИ И ПОСОБИЯ