| 1. | Gall F.J. Sur le functions du cerveau. Vol. 1-6. Paris, 1822-1823. |
| 2. | Kleist К. Gehirnpathologie. Leiptzig: Barth, 1934. |
| 3. | Broca P. Remarques sur le-siege de la faculte du language articule // Bull. Soc. Anthrop. 1861. Vol. 6. |
| 4. | Wernicke С. Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Breslau, 1874. |
| 5. | LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366. |
| 6. | de Lacoste M. C, Horvath D. S., Woodward D. J. Possible sex differences in the developing human fetal brain // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1991. Vol. 13, № 6. P. 831-846. |
| 7. | LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366. |
| 8. | Diamond M. С. Rat forebrain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C., Dowling G. A, Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261-268. |
| 9. | Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region // Science. 1968. Vol. 161, № 837. P. 186-187. |
| 10. | LeMay AL, Geschwind N. Hemispheric differences in the brains of great apes // Brain. Behav. Evol. 1975. Vol. 11, № 1. P. 48-52. |
| 11. | Gannon P. J. et al. Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog // Science. 1998. Vol. 279, № 5348. P. 220-222. |
| 12. | Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63. |
| 13. | Sandu S., Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male-female, right-left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol.92, № l. P. 186-196. |
| 14. | Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395-400. |
| 15. | Sholl S. A, Kim К L. Androgen receptors are differentially distributed between right and left cerebral hemispheres of the fetal male rhesus monkey // Brain Res. 1990. Vol. 516, № 1. P. 122-126. |
| 16. | Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144-173. |
| 17. | Simon H. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996. |
| 18. | Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988. |
| 19. | Goldberg E., Costa L. D. Hemisphere differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems // Brain Lang. 1981. Vol. 14, № l. P. 144-173. |
| 20. | Обзоры компьютационных моделей нейронных сетей см.: Neural Networks and Natural Intelligence / Ed. by S. Grossberg. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988; Jacobs R. A, Jordan M. I. Computational consequences of a bias toward short connections // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992, 4. P. 323-336; Jacobs R. A., Jordan M. I., Barto A. G. Task decomposition through competition in a modular connectionist architecture: The what and where vision tasks // Cognitive Science. 1991. Vol. 15. P. 219-250. |
| 21. | Обзор см. в: Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997. |
| 22. | Bever Т. G., Chiarello R. J. Cerebral dominance in musicians and nonmusicians // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, № 150. P. 537-539. |
| 23. | Marzi C. A., Berlucchi G. Right visual field superiority for accuracy of recognition of famous faces in normals // Neuropsychologia. 1977. Vol. 15, № 6. P. 751-756. |
| 24. | Martin A., Wiggs C. L., Weisberg J. Modulation of human medial temporal lobe activity by form, meaning, and experience // Hippocampus. 1997. Vol. 7, № 6. P. 587-593. |
| 25. | Henson R., Shallice T., Dolan R. Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming // Science. 2000. Vol. 287, № 5456. P. 1269-1272. |
| 26. | Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. Vol. 10. 1996. P. 3-10. |
| 27. | Shadmehr R., Holcomb H. H. Neural correlates of motor memory consolidation // Science. 1997. Vol. 277, № 5327. P. 821-825. |
| 28. | Hater R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143. |
| 29. | Berns G. S., Cohen J. D., Mintun M. A. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness // Science. 1997. Vol. 276, № 5316. P. 1272-1275. |
| 30. | Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 26. |
| 31. | Tulving E. et al. Novelty and familiarity activations in PET studies of memory encoding and retrieval // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 71-79. |
| 32. | Vygotsky L. Thought and Language / Ed. by A. Kozulin. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986. |
| 33. | Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990. |
| 34. | Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3-10; Haier R. J. et al. Regional glucose metabolic changes after learning a complex visuospatial/motor task: a positron emission tomographic study // Brain. Res. 1992. Vol. 570, № 1-2. P. 134-143; Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8-26. |
| 35. | Fodor J. A. Precis of the Modularity of Mind // The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1985. Vol. 8. P. 1-42. |
| 36. | Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517. |
| 37. | Goldberg E. Higher Cortical Functions in Humans: The Gradiental Approach // Contemporary Neuropsychology and the Legacy of Luria / Ed. by E. Goldberg. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990. P. 229-276. |
| 38. | Sacks 0. W. Scotoma: Forgetting and Neglect in Science // Hidden histories of Science / Ed. by R. B. Silver. New York: New York Review, 1996. P. 141-187. |
| 39. | Обзор см. в: Heilman K, Valenstein E. (Eds.) Clinical Neuropsychology. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. |
| 40. | Goldberg E. Associative agnosias and the functions of the left hemisphere // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1990. Vol. 12, № 4. P. 467-484. |
| 41. | Goldberg E. Gradiental approach to neocortical functional organization // J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1989. Vol. 11, № 4. P. 489-517. |
| 42. | Martin A., Ungerleider L. G., Haxby J. V. Category Specificity and the Brain: The Sensory/Motor Model of Semantic Representation of Objects // The New Cognitive Neuroscience / Ed. by M. S. Gazzaniga. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999. |
| 43. | Martin A. et al. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge // Nature. 1996. Vol. 379, № 6566. P. 649-652. |
| 44. | Warrington E. K., Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments // Brain 107, № Pt 3. 1984. P. 829-854; McCarthy R. A., Warrington E. K. Evidence for modality-specific meaning systems in the brain // Nature. 1988. Vol. 334, № 6181. P. 428-430. |
Глава 6. Дирижер: более детальный взгляд на лобные доли
| 1. | Raichle M. E. et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning // Cereb. Cortex. 1994. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 8-26. |
| 2. | Gold J. M. et al. PET validation of a novel prefrontal task: Delayed response alteration // Neuropsychology. 1996. Vol. 10. P. 3-10. |
| 3. | Jacobsen C. F. Functions of the frontal association area in primates // Archives of Neurological Psychaitry. 1935. Vol. 33. P. 558-569; Jacobsen C. F., Nissen H. W. Studies of cerebral function in primates. IV. The effects of frontal lobe lesion on the delayed alternation habit in monkeys // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1937. Vol. 23. P. 101-112. |
| 4. | Luria A. R. Higher Cortical Functions in Man. New York: Basic Books, 1966. |
| 5. | Goldman-Rakic P. S. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory // Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System, Higher Functions of the Brain, part 1. / Ed. by F Plum. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Association, 1987. P. 373-417. |
| 6. | Fuster J. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Physiology, and Neuropsychology of the Frontal Lobe. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997. |
| 7. | Fuster J. M. Temporal organization of behavior (Introduction) // Human Neurobiology. 1985. Vol. 4. P. 57-60. |
| 8. | Jackson H. Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system // Croonian Lecture. Selected papers 2. 1884. |
| 9. | Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331-349. |
| 10. | Courtney S. M. et al. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex // Cereb. Cortex. 1996. Vol. 6, № 1. P. 39-49. |
| 11. | Funahashi S., Bruce С. J., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex // J. Neurophysiol. 1989. Vol. 61, № 2. P. 331-349. |
| 12. | Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296. |
| 13. | Goldberg E. et al. Early diagnosis of frontal-lobe dementias. Presented at the Eighth Congress of International Psychogeriatric Association, Jerusalem, Israel, 1997. |
| 14. | См. обзор: Alzheimer's Disease / Ed. by B. Reisberg. New York: The Free Press, 1983. |
Глава 7. У каждой доли свой удел: стили принятия решений и лобные доли
| 1. | Talairach J., Tournoux P. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. New York: Thieme, 1988. |
| 2. | Ebstein R. P. et al. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking // Nat. Genet. 1996. Vol. 12, № 1. P. 78-80. |
| 3. | Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296. |
| 4. | LeMay M. Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man, and nonhuman primate // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1976. Vol. 280. P. 349-366. |
| 5. | Diamond M. С Rat forebrain morphology: Right-left; male-female; young-old; enriched-impoverished // Cerebral laterality in nonhuman species / Ed. by S. D. Glick. New York: Academic Press, 1985; Diamond M. C, Dowling G. A., Johnson R. E. Morphologic cerebral cortical asymmetry in male and female rats // Exp. Neurol. 1981. Vol. 71, № 2. P. 261-268; Glick S. D. et al. Multiple and interrelated functional asymmetries in rat brain // Life Sci. 1979. Vol. 25, № 4. P. 395-400; Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63 |
| 6. | Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63; Sandu S. Cook P., Diamond M. C. Rat cortical estrogen receptors: Male-female, right-left // Experimental Neurology. 1985. Vol. 92, № 1. P. 186-196. |
| 7. | Glick S. D., Ross D. A, Hough L. B. Lateral asymmetry of neurotransmitters in human brain // Brain Res. 1982. Vol. 234, № 1. P. 53-63. |
| 8. | См. обзор: Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296; Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997; Lewis D. W., Diamond M. C. The Influence of the Gonadal Steroids on the Assymetry of the Cerebral Cortex // Brain Assymetry / Ed. by R. J. Davidson, K. Hugdahl. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995. P. 31-50. |
| 9. | Kendler K. S., Walsh D. Gender and schizophrenia. Results of an epidemiologically-based family study // Br. J. Psychiatry. 1995. Vol. 167, № 2. P. 184-192. |
| 10. | Shapiro E., Shapiro A. K., Clarkin J. Clinical psychological testing in Tourette's syndrome // J. Pers. Assess. 1974. Vol. 38, № 5. P. 464-478. |
| 11. | Andersen S. L., Teicher M. H. Sex differences in dopamine receptors and their relevance to ADHD // Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2000. Vol. 24, № l. P. 137-141. |
| 12. | Min 5. К et al. Positive and negative symptoms and regional cerebral perfusion in antipsychotic-naive schizophrenic patients: a high-resolution SPECT study // Psychiatry Res. 1999. Vol. 90, № 3. P. 159-168; Gur R. E., Resnick S. M., Gur R. С Laterality and frontality of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in schizophrenia: relationship to symptom specificity // Psychiatry Res. 1989. Vol. 27, № 3. P. 325-334. |
| 13. | Flor-Henry P. The obsessive-compulsive syndrome: reflection of fronto-caudate dysregulation of the left hemisphere? // Encephale. 1990. Vol. 16. Spec. No. P. 325-329. |
| 14. | Baving L., Laucht M., Schmidt M. H. Atypical frontal brain activation in ADHD: preschool and elementary school boys and girls // J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 1999. Vol. 38, № 11. P. 1363-1371. |
| 15. | Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296. |
| 16. | Kimura D. Sex differences in cerebral organization for speech and praxic functions // Can. J. Psychol. 1983. Vol. 37, № 1. P. 19-35. |
| 17. | Wood F. В., Flowers D. L., Naylor С. Е. Cerebral laterality in functional neuroimaging // Cerebtal laterality: Theory and research. The Toledo Symposium / Ed. by F. L. Kittle. Hillside, HJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991. P. 103-115. |
| 18. | Shaywltz В. А. et al. Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language // Nature. 1995. Vol. 373, № 6515. P. 607-609. |
| 19. | Witelson S. F. The brain connection: The corpus callosum is larger in left-handers // Science. 1985. Vol. 229. P. 665-668; Habib M. et al. Effects of handedness and sex on the morphology of the corpus callosum: a study with brain magnetic resonance imaging // Brain Cogn. 1991. Vol. 16, № 1. P. 41-61. |
| 20. | Harasty J. et al. Language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in the female brain // Arch. Neurol. 1997. Vol. 54, № 2. P. 171-176; Harasty J. Language processing in both sexes: evidence from brain studies // Brain. 2000. Vol. 123, № Pt 2. P. 404-406. |
| 21. | Mishkin M., Pribram К. Н. Analysis of the effects of frontal lesions in monkeys: I. Variations of delayed alterations // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1955.Vol. 48. P. 492-495; Mishkin AL, Pribram К. Н. Analysis of the effects of frontal lesions in the monkey: II. Variations of delayed response // Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology. 1956. Vol. 49. P. 36—40. |
| 22. | Goldberg E. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296. |
| 23. | Bradshaw J., Rogers L. The Evolution of Lateral Assymetries, Language, Tool Use, and Intellect. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993. |
| 24. | Springer S., Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain: Perspective from Cognitive Neuroscience. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., 1997. |
| 25. | Ibidem. |
| 26. | Из разговора с Мортимером Мишкиным. |
| 27. | Goldberg Е. et al. Cognitive Bias, Functional Cortical Geometry, and the Frontal Lobes: Laterality, Sex, and Handedness // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1994. Vol. 6, № 3. P. 276-296. |
| 28. | Ebsteln R. P. et al. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of novelty seeking // Nat. Genet. 1996. Vol. 12, № 1. P. 78-80; Benjamin J. et al. Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking // Nat. Genet. 1996. Vol. 12, № 1. P. 81-84. |
| 29. | Orsini D. L, Satz P. A syndrome of pathological left-handedness. Correlates of early left hemisphere injury // Arch. Neurol. 1986. Vol. 43, № 4. P. 333-337; Satz P. et al. The pathological left-handedness syndrome // Brain Cogn. 1985. Vol. 4, № 1. P. 27-46. |
| 30. | Rajkowska G., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex: II. Variability in locations of areas 9 and 46 and relationship to the Talairach Coordinate System // Cereb. Cortex. 1995. Vol. 5, № 4. P. 323-337; Rajkowska G., Goldman-Rakic P. S. Cytoarchitectonic definition of prefrontal areas in the normal human cortex: I. Remapping of areas 9 and 46 using quantitative criteria // Cereb. Cortex. 1995. Vol. 5, № 4. P. 307-322. |
| 31. | Gardner H. E. Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice. New York: Basic Books, 1993. |
| 32. | Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books, 1997. |
| 33. | Gould S. J. The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981. |
| 34. | Witelson S. F., Kigar D. L., Harvey T. The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein // Lancet. 1999. Vol. 353, № 9170. P. 2149-2153. |
| 35. | Frith C. D., Frith U. Interacting minds — a biological basis // Science. 1999. Vol. 286, № 5445. P. 1692-1695. |
| 36. | Ibidem. |
| 37. | Gallup G. G. Jr., Absence of self-recognition in a monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following prolonged exposure to a mirror // Dev. Psychobiol. 1977. Vol. 10, № 3. P. 281-284; Hauser M. D. et al. Self-recognition in primates: phylogeny and the salience of species-typical features // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. Vol. 92, № 23. P. 10811-10814. |
| 38. | Hauser M. D. et al. Self-recognition in primates: phyiogeny and the salience of species-typical features // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995. Vol. 92, № 23. P. 10811-10814. |
| 39. | Frith C. D., Frith U. Interacting minds — a biological basis // Science. 1999. Vol. 286, № 5445. P. 1692-1695. |
| 40. | Jaynes J. The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990. |
| 41. | Ibidem. |
Глава 8. Когда лидер ранен