Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ
Учебно-методическое пособие
Рекомендовано методической комиссией факультета международных отношений для студентов ННГУ, обучающихся по направлениям подготовки 030700 «Международные отношения», 032300 «Регионоведение» и специальностям 030701 «Международные отношения»,
032301 «Регионоведение»
Нижний Новгород
2009
УДК 42.8(07)
ББК 143.21я.73
Ж 60
Ж 60 МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ. Составители: Жерновая О.Р., Бузуева Ю.С., Глазунова Н.А.: Учебно-методическое пособие. – Нижний Новгород: Нижегородский госуниверситет, 2009. – 55 с.
Рецензент: д.полит.н., профессор М.И. Рыхтик
Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для развития компетенции студентов в области международных организаций, развития навыков и умений работы с текстами общественно-политического содержания и может использоваться в качестве основного учебного материала для студентов 3 и 4 курсов факультета международных отношений, изучающий английский язык как основной на продвинутом этапе обучения.
УДК 42.8(07)
ББК 143.21я.73
© Нижегородский государственный
университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского, 2009
Введение
Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 3-4 курсов факультета международных отношений отделений «международные отношения» и «регионоведение». Данное пособие рассчитано для продвинутого этапа обучения английскому языку и ставит следующие цели: углубление языковых знаний и понимания оригинального английского текста, расширение словарного запаса, совершенствование навыков устной речи, а также анализа аутентичных общественно-политических текстов. Особое внимание уделяется развитию профессиональных навыков ведения дискуссии по современным проблемам, связанным с деятельностью таких международных организаций как Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН), Организация Северо-Атлантического Договора (НАТО) и Европейский Союз (ЕС).
Пособие представляет собой сборник аутентичных текстов по актуальным аспектам и современным политическим вопросам, и ставит целью развитие навыка самостоятельной работы с англо-английскими толковыми словарями.
Подобранные тексты снабжены аппаратом упражнений, направленных на дальнейшее совершенствование языковой, речевой и профессиональной подготовки студентов, а также навыков перевода в сфере профессиональной коммуникации.
Contents
Unit I: THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UN)
Part 1: How the UN works 6
Warm-up 6
Pronunciation 7
Reading 7
Scanning 8
Word Study 9
Talking Point 10
Part 2: UN structure 11
Warm-up 11
Pronunciation 11
Reading 11
Scanning 15
Word Study 16
Translation 17
Talking Point 18
Part 3: UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION REFORM 19
Rendering 19
Unit II: THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
Part 1: What is NATO 25
Warm-up 25
Pronunciation 25
Reading 26
Scanning 27
Word Study 28
Talking Point 30
Speaking 30
Part 2: NATO: Security Challenges and Risks 31
Warm-up 31
Pronunciation 31
Reading 31
Scanning 32
Word Study 33
Speaking 34
Part 3: NATO-Russia Relations 35
Warm-up 35
Pronunciation 35
Reading 35
Scanning 38
Speaking 39
Word Study 39
Talking Point 40
Unit III: THE EUROPEAN UNION
Part 1: The History and Enlargement of the European Union 41
Pronunciation 41
Warm-Up 42
Reading 43
Scanning 44
Word Study 45
Translation 47
Speaking 48
Talking Point 48
Part 2: The Structure and Objectives of the EU 49
Pronunciation 49
Warm-up 49
Reading 49
Scanning 51
Word Study 51
Speaking 53
Translation 53
Talking point 54
Unit I
THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UN)
Part 1
How the UN works
Warm-up
Read the following text and answer the questions:
1. What does the phrase “an international organization” mean in the conventional sense?
2. What is a noninstitutional aspect to the phrase “an international organization”?
3. In what ways can coordination of an international organization be performed? What do they involve?
4. What criterion is considered to be the most important for the existence of an international organization?
5. What does an international organization consist of?
International Organizations
The very term international organization is ambiguous. In the conventional sense, an international organization is an institution or structure similar to Congress or to a city council; it has a definite set of rules, members, agenda, places and times of meeting. A second meaning of the concept is implied as well. If organization is an arrangement of parts into a unified whole, then there is a noninstitutional aspect to the phrase international organization. The purpose of organization is conscious coordination of activity; the method of organization is to routinize coordination by such techniques as division of labour and task specialization. Coordination can be performed either formally or informally. When coordination is formal, it takes place within official structures and institutional machinery; this is the conventional significance of the term organization in international relations. Informal coordination involves an unwritten system of practices in which units of the system assume such roles as those of leader or nonleader. International organization in the second sense refers to informal role differentiation in the world polity. Often this second meeting has been called world organization.
In international relations, units that are most powerful take leadership roles; weak units are nonleaders. Thus, international organization in the first sense is a dependent variable of world organization, the second interpretation of the term. Informal organization is more basic than formal organization; characteristics of international structures are a function of the nature of the international arena. In the subsequent portion of this discussion the term international organization will be used to refer only to the meaning of the term in the conventional sense.
Not all organizations are international. Historically the types of units in the world political system have changed in form and in number. Traditionally, an international organization has been said to exist when many nation-states are linked together structurally. If this criterion were adopted, the study of international organization would date only from the year 1648, when the nation-state system was officially christened in the Peace of Westphalia. Previously there were other basic units – the empire, the city state, the free city, and the dynamic state. A loose definition of international organization would say that it consists of intergovernmental institutions, members of which perceive each other to be basic units of the world polity. Any world system may contain international organization.
Pronunciation
Watch the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. If necessary consult a dictionary:
Charter
harmonizing
sovereign
affecting
a vast array
survival
alleviation
environmental
reluctant
fluctuated
prominence
the Hague
the Netherlands
Reading
Read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
1. What is the UN?
2. What country is the UN situated in?
3. When was the UN established and for what purpose?
4. What are the main organs of the UN?
The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN: membership now totals nearly 200 countries.
When states become members of the United Nations, they agree to accept obligations of the UN Charter, an international treaty which sets out basic principles of international relations. According to the Charter, the UN has four purposes: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.
UN members are sovereign countries. The United Nations is not a world government, and it does not make laws. It does, however, provide the means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies on matters affecting all of us. It serves as a symbol of international order and global identity.
The United Nations is much more than a peacekeeper and forum for conflict resolution. Often without attracting attention, the United Nations is engaged in a vast array of work that touches every aspect of people’s lives around the world.
Child survival and development. Environmental protection. Human rights. Health and medical research. Alleviation of poverty and economic development. Agricultural development and fisheries. Education. Family planning. Emergency and disaster relief. Air and sea travel. Peaceful uses of atomic energy. Labour and worker’s rights. The list goes on and on.
The UN’s influence in world affairs has fluctuated over the years, but the organization gained new prominence beginning in the 1990s. It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001. Still, the UN faces constant challenges. It must continually secure the cooperation of its member nations because the organization has little independent power or authority. But getting that support is not always easy. Many nations are reluctant to defer their authority and follow the dictates of the UN.
The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them – the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat – are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at the Hague, the Netherlands.
Scanning
1. Answer the following questions:
1. How many countries does the UN membership total today?
2. What main principles does the UN Charter set out?
3. Is the UN just a forum for conflict resolution?
4. What do the countries joining the UN agree to accept?
5. Why does the UN have little independent power or authority?
6. What other purposes does the UN serve?
7. When did the UN gain its new prominence?
2. Give as much information as possible concerning the following notions:
the UN
the UN Charter
a world government
a peacekeeper and forum for conflict resolution.
the Nobel Peace Prize
UN Headquarters
3. Prepare the summary of the text in 10-12 sentences. Use the active vocabulary from the Word Study section.
Word Study
1. Give the definitions of the following words and phrases from the text and use them in the sentences of your own:
1. to be committed to
2. to total
3. obligations
4. to set out (basic principles)
5. to maintain (peace)
6. to harmonize (actions)
7. to resolve (conflicts)
8. a peacekeeper
9. a vast array
10. alleviation of (poverty)
11. to fluctuate
12. to gain (prominence)
13. to secure (cooperation)
14. to defer (authority)
15. headquarters
2. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English using active vocabulary:
1. ООН включает в себя 192 независимые страны, которые следуют основным принципам Устава ООН.
2. Целью этой организации является поддержание мира между народами и разрешение всех спорных вопросов путем переговоров.
3. Устав ООН был подписан в 1945 году 50 государствами в Сан-Франциско, Калифорния.
4. Штаб-квартира ООН находится в США с филиалами в Париже, Риме и Женеве.
5. При вступлении в ООН страны торжественно обещают разрешать все спорные вопросы мирным путем. Однако это обещание не всегда легко сдержать.
6. Основные задачи ООН по уставу – поддержание мира и безопасности, разрешение конфликтов, развитие дружественных связей между странами и обеспечение соблюдения прав человека.
7. ООН призывает страны воздерживаться от использования силы в межгосударственных отношениях. И разрешать конфликты мирным путем.
Talking Point
Express your opinion on the following questions:
1. Do you think the UN fulfils its mission today?
2. Do you think that the role of the UN is really very important in the modern world? Substantiate your point of view.