МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Кафедра иностранных языков
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ НАУЧНОГО СТИЛЯ РЕЧИ
Методические указания
Волгоград, 1995
ББК
Грамматические аспекты научного стиля речи / Сост. О.В. Леднева, А.М. Митина, И.Ф. Янушкевич; ВолгГТУ. Волгоград, 1995. - 27с.
Приводятся модели использования личных и неличных форм английского глагола в предложении и практические задания для усвоения этих моделей.
Грамматический материал представлен на основе лексики, необходимой для говорения на тему "Научная работа аспиранта /соискателя".
Для аспирантов и соискателей, занимающихся в группе по подготовке к кандидатскому экзамену по английскому языку.
Библиография - 4 назв.
Рецензент Багметова Н.Б.
© Волгоградский
государственный
технический
университет, 1995
Exercise I. Make the interrogative and the negative forma of the following sentences.
l) We participate in scientific conferences. 2) He does experimental work. 3) You carry out interesting experiments. 4) He works at a candidate thesis. 5) Our department collaborates with many industrial enterprises.
l) He took part in this conference. 2) They carried out useful experiments. 3) I wrote an interesting scientific paper last year. 4) She obtained interesting data in her experimental work. 5) I graduated, from this university two years ago.
I) She will carry out many experiments. 2) Professor Novakov will be my scientific adviser. 3) We shall work hard to obtain all the necessary data. 4) They will carry out many experiments. 5) He will submit his candidate thesis in 5 years.
Exercise 2. Make the interrogative and the negative forms of the following sentences.
l) He is working in the laboratory now. 2) They are installing new equipment. 3) We are designing a new apparatus. 4) She is making a new experiment now. 5) He is translating a scientific paper from English into Russian.
l) We were installing a new device when the chief of the laboratory came. 2) She was making a new experiment when you telephoned. 3) They were discussing the data at 10 o'clock yesterday. 4) They were reading scientific papers in the library from 4 till 6 o'clock.
l) I shall be working at my report from 5 to 7 o'clock p.m. 2) He will be delivering a report at the conference at 10 o'clock. 3) We shall be re-equipping our lab with up-to-date machines from August to November. 4) You will be adjusting an amplifier at 8.
Exercise 3. Make the interrogative and the negative forms of the following sentences.
1) She has completed her experimental work. 2) You have read many books on your scientific speciality. 3) They have proved their hypothesis. 4) We have solved a number of complicated problems. 5) He has developed a new method.
1) We had installed modern machine tools by March. 2) He had submitted his candidate thesis by the end of his post-graduate course. 3) We had solved the problem by the end of May. 4) He had completed his experiment by the time his chief came.
l) She will have written the report by tomorrow. 2) They will have checked and. adjusted the equipment by the end of the week. 3) You will have analyzed the obtained data by the time your supervisor comes back from the conference. 4) I shall have developed a new method by the end of the year.
Exercise 4. Make the interrogative and, the negative forma of the following sentences.
1) I have been working at this problem for about 5 years. 2) He has been living in Volgograd for 10 years. 3) She has been working at her candidate thesis for a year. 4) We have been analyzing the results of the experiment since last week.
l) He had been trying to solve this problem for 5 years before at last he was a success. 2) They had been developing this project for 2 months when the chief came. 3) He had been working at this plant for 2 years when he decided to change his work. 4) I had been solving this problem for a week when I realized I should use another approach.
l) This is a very complicated problem. I think we shall have been discussing it for two months by the end of this year. 2) They will have been testing this material until they get all the necessary data. 3) He will have been experimenting with this tube for an hour before you come.
Exercise 5. Use the required tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets.
l) I (to graduate) from the university two years ago. 2) He (to take part) in many conferences by the time he (to submit) his thesis. 3) They already (to discuss) this problem. 4) My colleague (to work) at this article for 2 weeks. 5) Scientists (to solve) this problem by the end of the I9th century. 6) He (to complete) his tests by the tenth of April 7) She (to work) at her candidate thesis under the supervision of Professor Ivanov. 8) They (to develop) a new method and (to write) a paper on it now. 9) We (to analyze) the results of our work since Monday. 10) They (to adjust) a new device when I came. 1l) I (to work) at the university for 5 years before I (to take) a post-graduate course. 12) He (to submit) his candidate thesis next year. 13) We (to assemble) a new machine yesterday from 5 to 9 o'clock p.m. 14) They (to develop) this project since last year. 15) We (to work out) this technique in collaboration with several research institutes and industrial enterprises.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English.
1) Как давно ты работаешь на этом заводе? 2) Старший научный сотрудник Андрей Рублев обсудил результаты исследования с начальником отдела, прежде чем доложить о них на конференции. 3) Его не будет в лаборатории в 3 часа. Он будет читать лекцию. 4) Я и мой друг собираемся принять участие в научной конференции в нашем университете в этом году. 5) Когда я пришел в университет, они выполняли интересное исследование. 6) Я прочитал статью ко времени его прихода. 7) Она работала в прошлом году на кафедре прикладной математики. 8) Он проработал в университете 4 года, прежде, чем поступить в аспирантуру. 9) Не беспокойте их сейчас. Они обсуждают тему новой диссертации. 10) Я работаю над кандидатской диссертацией уже два года. 11) Она прочитала много научных статей на английском языке прежде, чем сдала кандидатский экзамен. 12) Он занимается исследованием этой проблемы с прошлого года. 13) Он будет делать доклад на конференции в 10 часов. 14) Они завершат эксперимент к декабрю. 15) Мы уже получили хорошие экспериментальные данные. 16) Каждый год он публикует три-четыре научных статьи.
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
l) In the course of further scientific developments extensive use will be made of modern computing machines and electronic devices. 2) Mention has already been made of this new phenomenon. 3) The experiment had been carried out by prof. Zaicrevstey by 6 o'clock yesterday. 4) The opening session of the Congress was preceded by a meeting of the General Assembly to elect a new president. 5) When he entered the laboratory a new device was being tested. 6) It is often argued that in the XX century we are left with no expansion of wisdom and with greater need for it. 7) No attempts have been made to list all the contributions in which different procedures have been developed and later used. 8) The data are being collected and studied now. 9) The article had been translated by the time the chief of the laboratory came back. 10) So far no notice has been taken of the obvious advantage of this technique. 11) The candidate thesis is submitted. 12) More evidence will be obtained to support the idea. 13) When he returned to the university an interesting experiment was being made. 14) The report has been listened to with great attention. 15) The hypothesis was proposed by Petrov after a number of experiments. 16) The work will have been finished by noon tomorrow. 17) The experiment had been carried out by 6 o'clock yesterday. 18) These ideas are hardly recognized as mathematics at all by the people trained in the classical branches of the subject. 19) Recent discoveries in all sciences have been greatly assisted by the developments in contemporary research techniques. 20) More exact methods are being developed now for obtaining lower temperature. 21) The discovery was made by the team of our laboratory. 22) The article has been published.
Exercise 2. Identify the passive constructions paying attention to the translation of the subject.
I) At the conference the speaker was asked a lot of questions. 2) We have been told about the discovery. 3) Unfortunately he was not offered any help. 4) They have been given all the necessary information. 5) The laboratory was promised financial support. 6) He was told to sign his papers. 7) Next week you will be sent to Moscow on business. 8) The team of the laboratory was given a difficult problem to solve. 9) The new lab assistant is being taught to use modern equipment by the chief of the laboratory now.
Exercise 3. Remember some of the verbs taking a direct object in English and indirect (followed by a preposition) in Russian:
To affect – влиять(на), to approach – подойти(к), to answer – отвечать(на), to attend – присутствовать (на) и активно участвовать, to consult – консультироваться (у, с), to enjoy – получать удовольствие (от), пользоваться, to follow – следовать, следить (за), to influence – влиять (на), to join – присоединяться (к), to watch – наблюдать (за).
Identify the passive structures and give Russian equivalents of the following sentences.
l) Some people are easily influenced by other people's opinions. 2) The distribution of goods is greatly affected by local conditions. 3) The seminar was attended by all the participants. 4) His lectures are always followed by heated discussions. 5) In several areas of research the efforts of scientists are joined by those of philosophers and sociologists. 6) At the university students are offered a curriculum of study which is followed by a test and the award of a degree.
Exercise 4. Identify the passive structures followed, by a preposition and give Russian equivalents of the following sentences.
l) This method, has been referred, to in an earlier paper. 2) I do not think this instrument can be relied upon. 3) The data cannot be accounted for by the existing theory. 4) At the beginning of the lecture the laboratory assistant was sent for by the lecturer. 5) The invention was spoken of at the meeting of our stuff. 6) He is a good specialist; his advice can always be relied on. 7) The report is very interesting; the speaker is being listened to with great attention. 8) The latest research is much spoken about. 9) Some aspects of the foregoing topics are dealt with in the next chapter. 10) The prolongation of life may be thought of as a feat of endurance rather than a race against time. 11) The best of treatment was generally agreed upon.
Exercise 5. Practise orally by using impersonal passive structures as shown in the model.
Model: We have found that... - It has been found that...
1) I must admit that... 2) He has found that... 3) Everybody accepts that... 4) I believe that... 5) The author hopes that... 6) Scientists sometimes say that... 7) Most people assume that...8) Physicists recognize nowadays that...
Exercise 6. Give English equivalents of the following Russian phrases using impersonal passive structures and adverbs "widely", "generally" where required.
l) Говорят, что... 2) Предполагается, что... 3) Можно надеяться, что... 4) Следует признать, что... 5) Было найдено, что... 6) Общепризнанно, что... 7) Считают, что... 8) Широко распространено мнение, что...
Exercise 7. Translate into English.
1) Вопрос будет рассматриваться в следующей главе. 2) 0 его проекте много говорят. 3) В настоящее время предприняты многочисленные попытки усовершенствовать эту конструкцию. 4) За экспериментальной работой последовало теоретическое обоснование полученных данных. 5) Считают, что эксперимент будет завершен к первому марта. 6) Модель была модифицирована за последнее время и теперь используется во многих практических ситуациях. 7) В следующем месяце лаборатории будет выделено новое оборудование. 8) Ученого попросили изложить свою точку зрения относительно этой гипотезы. 9) В настоящее время химические методы очистки воды широко используются. 10) За докладом последовала бурная дискуссия. 11) Теория была принята большинством ученых после того, как были получены новые доказательства в ее поддержку. 12) В лаборатории установлено новое оборудование. 13) Не входите! Там идет эксперимент. 14) Особое внимание уделено сравнению экспериментально полученных результатов с результатами, предсказанными теоретически. 15) Предполагается, что полученные расчетные данные были проверены экспериментально. 16) На скорость реакции влияет множество других факторов. 17) В последнее время эта теория часто упоминается во многих статьях.