За последние годы большое развитие получила система оказания бесплатной или льготной юридической помощи малоимущим, согласно принятому в 1988 г. закону. Совет по юридической помощи неимущим, который назначается из опытных барристеров и соли- ситоров, учреждает специальный фонд, из которого и распределяет средства на оказание бесплатной или льготной юридической помощи. Такая помощь в Англии оказывается как по уголовным, так и по гражданским делам, причем при необходимости проводится проверка имущественного положения лица, обратившегося за юридической помощью. Еще раньше, в 1986 г., был издан действующий ныне закон о бесплатной юридической помощи для Шотландии.
Варианты контрольных работ
Вариант 1
Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 3-й абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос Why did Koni refused to accept offers of high posts ?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые в первых трех предложениях первого абзаца. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов (письменно)
russia's premiere jurist
Russia's most brilliant prosecutor and judge Anatoly Koni, was born 160 years ago on February 9. Anatoly studied at the German school at St. Anne's Church in St.Petersburg, and in the senior grades specialized in mathematics. He then went on to the Mathematics Department of St. Petersburg University, and when the university was closed following a student unrest, Koni got a transfer to Moscow University's Law School. In 1865 he graduated with a candidate,s degree in law. His thesis, The Right to:Necessary Defense, got the young jurist into serious trouble with the authorities.
In 1866 Koni was appointed assistant secretary of the St. Petersburg Court. Koni moved slowly but surely up the ladder of the judicial system, being appointed to the courts of Kharkov, Samara, and Kazan. Everywhere Koni actively implemented the progressive changes of the judicial reform. He also lectured at the Law School for many years.
Of the large number of trials Koni took part in, the most: spectacular was the case (heard on March 31,1878) of Vera Zasulich, a member of the Narodnik radical movement who shot Fyodor Trepov, Moscow's governor. The trial was presided over by Koni who gave one of his brilliant speeches urging the jury to be unbiased. Zasulich was acquitted and released. The Russian progressive public celebrated Koni's victory rapturously, but the czars never forgave his failure to have Zasulich sentenced.
For Koni all were equal before the law. Koni refused to accept offers of high posts, aware that he would be involved in intrigue in the highest circles. In 1907 he did consent to become a member of the State Council.
After the February 1917 Revolution, Koni was appointed to an important position in the Provisional Government. But when the Bolsheviks came to power some ten months later, Koni lost all his posts. Yet, Koni, now over seventy-five and suffering from hunger and cold, offered to give lectures under the new regime. In a conversation with Anatoly Lunacharsky, the Bolshevik Commissar for Education, he warned that the regime had to be defended from the excesses of the revolution itself.
Koni died on September 17, 1927, in Leningrad at the age of 83.
ВАРИАНТ 2
Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос Whаt is in the hands of the Metropolitan Police Force ?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые в первом предложении текста. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов и дайте форму инфинитива (письменно).
задание 4. Из второго абзаца текста выпишите все существительные во множественном числе. дайте форму единственного числа и переведите существительные на русский язык.
Police Forces
Each of Britain's 52 police forces is responsible for law enforcement in its area, but there is constant co-operation among them.
Outside London most counties (regions in Scotland) have there own police forces, though in the interests of efficiency several have combined forces. The policing of London is in the hands of the Metropolitan Police Force, with headquarters at New Scotland Yard, and the City of London force.
The strength of the regular police in Britain at the end of 1992 was over 145,800 (including over 14,200 policewomen); of these nearly 27,300 belonged to the Metropolitan Police Force and just over 8,260 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary It is recognized that the composition of the police forces should reflect the make-up of a multiracial society and efforts are being made to encourage more members of the ethnic minorities to join them.
1. headquarters — штаб
2. make-up — состав
3. the Metropolitan Police Force — столичные полицейские силы
ВАРИАНТ 3
Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос
does the Criminal Evidence Act 1984 extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые во втором абзаце текста. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов и дайте форму инфинитива (письменно).
задание
The Police Service
In enforcing the law, police action rests mainly upon common consent, for there is only a small number of officers in relation to the population (roughly one officer to every 400 or so people). Officers in Great Britain do not normally carry firearms (their only weapon is a truncheon) and there are strict limitations on police powers. Because of the emergency situation there, the police are armed in Northern Ireland.
The powers of the police in England and Wales have been modernised and clarified by the police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, which at the same time has enhanced safeguards for the citizen. The Act does not generally extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland where separate legislation applies.
Vocabulary Notes to text:
Enforcing the law must rest upon...- Воплощение (выполнение) закона должно основываться на
I fully agree with you. — Я с вами полностью согласен
Police officers do not carry firearms. — Полицейские офицеры не носят оружие
Everything depends on the circumstances. — Все зависит от обстоятельств
ВАРИАНТ 4
Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 2 абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос
who appoints members of the supreme court?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые в третьем абзаце текста. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов и дайте форму инфинитива (письменно).
The History of the Supreme Court of the United States
Established by the Constitution, the Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. Members of the Court are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.
The Supreme Court has a dual function: on the one hand it must interpret and expound all congressional enactments brought before it in proper cases; on the other hand it has the power (superseding that of all other courts) to examine federal and state statutes and executive actions to determine whether they conform to the Constitution. The Court's decisions have an impact beyond specific cases, for they are intended for guiding legislatures and the executive authority; thereby they mold the development of law.
The History of the Supreme Court shows how the court functions, by tracing the development of the judicial branch into a fully coequal partner with the executive, namely the President, and the legislative branch, or Congress, in the system of government of the United States.
ВАРИАНТ 5
Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос
what is the General Council of the Bar?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите прилагательные в первом абзаце текста. Определите их степень и дайте перевод (письменно).
The Legal Profession
The legal profession is divided into two branches: barristers (advocates in Scotland) and solicitors. Barristers are known collectively as the "Bar", and collectively and individually as "counsel". Solicitors undertake legal business for individual and corporate clients, while barristers advise on legal problems submitted through solicitors and present cases in the higher courts; certain functions are common to both. Although people are free to conduct their own cases, most people prefer to be legally represented in the more serious cases.
The professional organisations for barristers are: the General Council of the Bar (in England and Wales), the Faculty of Advocates (in Scotland), and the General Council of the Bar of Northern Ireland and the Executive Council of the Inn of Court of Northern Ireland. For solicitors they are the Law Society of England and Wales, the Law Society of Scotland and the Law Society of Northern Ireland.
Commentary and Notes to text
1. corporate clients - корпоративные клиенты (организации)
2. the General Council of the Bar - генеральный совет барристеров
3. the Inn(s) of Court - “Судебные инны” (четыре английские школы подготовки барристеров)
ВАРИАНТ 6
Aid i Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос
who appoints members of the supreme court?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые в третьем абзаце текста. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов и дайте форму инфинитива (письменно).
Civil Proceedings
Legal aid, which covers representation before the court, may be available for most civil proceedings to those who satisfy the financial eligibility conditions. An applicant for legal aid must also show not only that he or she has reasonable grounds for taking or defending proceedings but also that it is reasonable in all the circumstances of the case that he or she should receive, or continue to receive, legal aid. If legal aid is granted the case is conducted in the normal way except that in England and Wales no money passes between the client and the solicitor; all payments are made through the legal aid fund.
In certain limited circumstances the successful unassisted opponent of a legally aided party may recover his or her costs in the case from the legal aid fund. Where the assisted person recovers or preserves money or property in the proceedings the legal aid fund may have a first charge on that money or property to recover the sums it has expended on the assisted person's behalf.
ВАРИАНТ 7
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос
what does the civil law of England, Wales and North Ireland include?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые в последнем абзаце текста. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов и дайте форму инфинитива (письменно).
The Civil Law
The main sub-divisions of the civil law of England, Wales and North Ireland are: family law, the law of property, the law of contract and law of torts (covering injuries suffered by one person at the hands of bother irrespective of any contract between them and including concepts such as negligence, defamation and trespass). Other branches of the civil law include constitutional and administrative (particularly concerned with the use of executive power), industrial, maritime and ecclesiastical law. Scottish civil law has its own, often analogous, branches.
A review body was set up in 1985 to consider improving the machinery of civil justice in England and Wales. Its report was published in June 1988 and it recommended reforms designed to reduce delays in the handling of cases, ensure the best use of court resources and reduce the cost of litigation.
ВАРИАНТ 8
Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос
What are the fundamental rights of any American?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые в третьем абзаце текста. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов и дайте форму инфинитива (письменно).
The United States of America
1. The Constitution of the USA, the oldest still in force in the world, has been repeatedly amended to meet the changing needs of the nation, but it is still the "supreme law of the land". All governments and governmental groups, federal, state, and local must operate within its guidelines. The ultimate power under the Constitution is not given to the President (the executive branch), or to the Congress (the legislative branch), or to the Supreme Court (the judicial branch). Nor does it rest, as in many other countries, with a political group or party. It belongs to "We the People", in fact and in spirit.
2. In this way, Americans first took for themselves the liberties and rights that elsewhere were the privileges of an elite few. Americans would manage their own affairs in their own interests. They would elect their own representatives and make their own laws, and, of course, they would make their own mistakes.
3. They stated in the first ten Constitutional Amendments, known together as the Bill of Rights, what they considered to be the fundamental rights of any American. Among these rights are the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. Other rights guarded the citizens.
ВАРИАНТ 9
Задание 1.Прочитайте текст. Письменно переведите 1абзац текста.
Задание 2. Найдите в тексте и письменно ответьте на вопрос
who may be brought before a children's hearing.?
задание 3. Найдите и выпишите глаголы-сказуемые в третьем абзаце текста. Определите видо-временную форму глаголов и дайте форму инфинитива (письменно).