№5 Закончите предложения, образовав требующуюся часть речи (часть речи указана в скобках). Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык:
1 You should consider your options ( to care) before making decision. (наречие)
2 Many youth (to organize) offer summer enrichment programs. (существительное)
3 Everyone should have basic (to know) of first aid procedures. (существительное)
4 The (to entertain) committee is organizing a spring carnival. (прилагательное)
5 Scientists have (recent) discovered another planet in our galaxy. (наречие)
6 Even though he was very (wealth) , he was not a happy man. (прилагательное)
7 We need to find a (to solve) to our economic problems. (существительное)
8 It is (extreme) likely that we will see man land on Mars in the near future. (наречие)
№6 а) Раскройте скобки и выберите подходящий предлог времени. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 The conference lasted (for/during) a week.
2 We start our work (at/on) 8 a.m. and finish (at/on) 5 p.m.
3 Could we meet (in/on) Monday?
4 (At/On) weekends we usually go to the country.
5 The accident happened (in/at) night.
b) Раскройте скобки и выберите подходящий предлог места и направления. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 They live (above/up) us.
2 Is there any wine (in/at) the bottle?
3 We passed (across/through) the bridge.
4 Exercise №5 is (on/at) the bottom of the page.
5 They went (for/to) the station by bus.
№7 Исправьте ошибки в употреблении артиклей, вставьте артикли, где необходимо. Перепишите исправленные предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 My friend is the guide. He is the good interpreter.
2 They are tourists from the Asia.
3 I’m going to have a nap for the hour or two.
4 Once upon time there lived king.
5 Custom is a second nature.
6 A good advice is what you need.
7 He catches the fish for a pleasure.
8 The Latin is the basis of many languages.
9 The kangaroo is associated with the Australia.
10 Who invented a telescope?
№8 Прочитайте текст в задании 10 и найдите в нем следующие слова и выражения:
преследует некую особую цель; чувство страха у людей; сбить с цели;
подавляя любое инакомыслие; молчаливым согласием; давления законов;
порождает идеологию; в санкционированных общественных организациях;
внешними врагами; общественное мнение настраивалось против;
способствовать достижению цели
№9 Совместите следующие слова с их значениями:
| a) obstacles | 1) the ability, power or right to control and command |
| b) movement | 2) something which stands in the way and prevents action or success |
| c) authority | 3) a set of ideas, especially one on which a political or economic system is based |
| d) achievement | 4) a group of people who make united efforts for a particular purpose |
| e) diversity | 5) use of bodily force to hurt or harm |
| f) violence | 6) one’s aim or purpose; a position or object one wishes to reach or obtain |
| g) permit | 7) the successful finishing or gaining of something |
| h) will | 8) the condition of being different or having differences, variety |
| i) ideology | 9) allow\ make it possible |
| j) goal | 10) the power in the mind to choose one’s actions |
№10 Переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы текста на русский язык.
Totalitarianism
1) Totalitarianism is a form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual's life to the authority of the government. Totalitarianism is often distinguished from dictatorship, despotism, or tyranny by its supplanting of all political institutions with new ones and its sweeping away of all legal, social, and political traditions. The totalitarian state pursues some special goal, such as industrialization or conquest, to the exclusion of all others.
2) All resources are directed toward its attainment regardless of the cost. Whatever might further the goal is supported; whatever might foil the goal is rejected. This obsession spawns an ideology that explains everything in terms of the goal, rationalizing all obstacles that may arise and all forces that may contend with the state. The resulting popular support permits the state the widest latitude of action of any form of government. Any dissent is branded evil, and internal political differences are not permitted. Because pursuit of the goal is the only ideological foundation for the totalitarian state, achievement of the goal can never be acknowledged.
3) Under totalitarian rule, traditional social institutions and organizations are discouraged and suppressed; thus the social fabric is weakened and people become more amenable to absorption into a single, unified movement. Participation in approved public organizations is at first encouraged and then required. Old religious and social ties are supplanted by artificial ties to the state and its ideology. As pluralism and individualism diminish, most of the people embrace the totalitarian state's ideology. The infinite diversity among individuals blurs, replaced by a mass conformity to the belief and behavior sanctioned by the state.
4) Large-scale, organized violence becomes permissible and sometimes necessary under totalitarian rule, justified by the overriding commitment to the state ideology and pursuit of the state's goal. In Nazi Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union, whole classes of people, such as the Jews and the kulaks (wealthy peasant farmers), respectively, were singled out for persecution and extinction. In each case the persecuted were linked with some external enemy and blamed for the state's troubles, and thereby public opinion was aroused against them and their fate at the hands of the military and the police was condoned.
5) Police operations within a totalitarian state often appear similar to those within a police state, but one important difference distinguishes them. In a police state the police operate according to known, consistent procedures. In a totalitarian state the police operate without the constraints of laws and regulations. The actions are unpredictable and directed by the whim of their rulers. Under Hitler and Stalin uncertainty was interwoven into the affairs of the state.
6) The German constitution of the Weimar Republic was never abrogated under Hitler, but an enabling act passed by the Republic in 1933 permitted him to amend the constitution at will, in effect nullifying it. The role of lawmaker became vested in one man. Similarly, Stalin provided a constitution for the Soviet Union in 1936 but never permitted it to become the framework of Soviet law. Instead, he was the final arbiter in the interpretation of Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism and changed his interpretations at will. Neither Hitler nor Stalin permitted change to become predictable, thus increasing the sense of terror among the people and repressing any dissent.
№11 Прочитайте текст еще раз и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:
1) What does the term "totalitarianism" imply?
2) What is the main feature that distinguishes totalitarianism from dictatorship, despotism and tyranny?
3) How does the state's ideology influence the people under totalitarian rule?
4) What is the nature of public opinion in totalitarian states?
№12 Определите, являются ли следующие утверждения верными (true) или неверными (false). Исправьте неверные утверждения и перепишите их.
1 Totalitarianism is a political system in which only one political party and no rival loyalties are permitted.
2 Under totalitarian rule all resources are directed toward the attainment of some special goal which is in fact never achieved.
3 The activity of social institutions and organizations are encouraged and stimulated by the totalitarian government.
4 Acquiescence is the only means of surviving under totalitarian rule.
5 The totalitarian regime spawns lots of internal and external enemies responsible for the state's troubles and condemned by public opinion.
6 Under totalitarianism old religious and social ties are hardly condoned.
7 Popular support of the totalitarian state's ideology is always unanimous and sincere.
8 Organized violence is necessary in totalitarian states as it is justified by the pursuit of the state's goal and therefore is considered legal.
Вариант №2
№1 Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в нужное время (Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, present Perfect Continuous, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect). Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 What did you do when you (to find) out you (to lose) your wallet?
2 Look! I believe it is Mrs. Stern who (to cross) the street.
3 I have sworn that I (not to go) back till I (see) all the marvels of this oriental city.
4 When I come tomorrow, they (to sit) here for 20 minutes.
5 He admitted that he (to live) in London at various times.
6 Who (to break) the window?
7 He (not to listen) to the music at the moment. He (to watch) TV.
8 “Hello! I (to try) to telephone you all week. Where you (to be)?”
№2 Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные, в роли главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Изменяйте времена в соответствии с правилом согласования времен. Перепишите переделанные предложения:
1 “I can’t help you because I have too much work to do”. (She said…)
2 “Would you like to come to my party?” (He invited her…)
3 “Don’t be stupid.” (She told me…)
4 The children were playing in the yard. (She thought…)
5 Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped…)
№3 Раскройте скобки и выберите нужную пассивную форму глагола, укажите время. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 By the time I arrived at the concert hall, there were no tickets left. They (were sold/had been sold).
2 The tower of London (was built/is built) at the beginning of the eleventh century.
3 We couldn’t use the photocopier yesterday morning. It (was repaired/was being repaired).
4 A compass (is used/is being used) for showing direction.
5 Have you heard? The old police station (was repainted/has been repainted).
6 Millions of cars (are exported/are being exported) from Japan every month.
7 I (was being frighten/was frighten) when I drove through Paris last Month.
8 “What’s happened?” – “The window (has been broken/was broken).”
№4 Переведите диалог и передайте его в косвенной речи, переделывая каждое предложение:
Professor: What is history?
Student: It’s a science dealing with the development of human society.
Professor: When did historical thought appear?
Student: I think it goes as far back as the 4th-3rd millennium B.C.
Professor: You are quite right. Could you give me the names of the most famous ancient historians?
Student: Certainly. They are: Herodotus, who was the “father of History”, Xenophon and Polybius. They all come from Ancient Greece. As to the historians of Ancient Rome, Titus, Tacitus and Plutarch are most well-known.
Professor: That’s right. What can be said about the first historical writings?
Student: As far as I know they were stone inscriptions, reviews and chronicles showing various events in Egypt, Babylon, Assyria and Persia.
Professor: Exactly so. Do you know any Russian historians of the 18th or 19th centuries?
Student: If I’m not mistaken, Russian historiography is represented by Karamzin, Granovsky, Solovyev, Kluchevsky and others.
Professor: So much for today. See you tomorrow.
№5 Закончите предложения, образовав требующуюся часть речи (часть речи указана в скобках). Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык:
1 Our (to correspond) over the years has helped us build a good relationship. (существительное)
2 Travelling by train is far more (comfort) than traveling by bus. (прилагательное)
3 It is sad that so many older people are afraid and (lone) in today’s society. (прилагательное)
4 Some unusual stamps are (special) rare and expensive. (наречие)
5 There is a great (to vary) of flowers growing in our garden. (существительное)
6 The clerk’s attitude was not only (to help) but also very rude. (прилагательное)
7 Her high-heeled shoes were quite (to suit) for the rocky road. (прилагательное)
8 The firefighters moved into (to act) as soon as the alarm sounded. (существительное)
№6 а) Раскройте скобки и выберите подходящий предлог времени. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 (During/for) the meeting the chief engineer spoke several times.
2 Mr. Brown is out. He’ll be back (in/after) an hour.
3 The competition should take place (in/on) Wednesday morning.
4 I can’t sleep (in/at) night. I have insomnia.
5 He was sitting (among/between) Nina and Jane.
b) Раскройте скобки и выберите подходящий предлог места и направления. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 There is nothing (on/in) the bottle.
2 The post office is (at/in) the end of the street.
3 The village is (among/between) the trees.
4 Hang the picture (on/at) the hook.
5 She looked (across/through) the window.
№7 Исправьте ошибки в употреблении артиклей, вставьте артикли, где необходимо. Перепишите исправленные предложения и переведите их на русский язык:
1 The Russian language of a twentieth century differs from the Russian language of a twenty first century.
2 What’s a weather like today?
3 His is the interpreter from the Dutch into the English.
4 A sun rises on the East.
5 Everything will be done in the flick of an eyelash.
6 The every Sunday I watch the programme “The Magic of the Word.”
7 More snow, better for crops.
8 My house is a third to a right.
9 What languages are spoken in the Argentina?
10 The last year they staged a new play.
№8 Прочитайте текст в задании 10 и найдите в нем следующие слова и выражения: