Методические указания: профессиональный английский язык для студентов 5 и 6 курсов заочного факультета специальность 060800: Экономика и управление (стр. 3 из 14)
Образец: the above mentioned point - выше упомянутый пункт.
A belt-tightening economic policy, a fast-disappearing custom, a well-trained employee, a male-dominated society, quick-growing trees.
3. Образуйте предложения со словосочетаниями из упр.2, используя союз that.
Образец: a much loved story - a story that is loved much
4. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст.
1. The theory of supply and demand usually assumes that markets are perfectly competitive. There are many buyers and sellers in the market and none of them have the capacity to significantly influence prices of goods and services. In many
real-life transactions, the assumption fails because some individual buyers or sellers or groups of buyers or sellers do have the ability to influence prices. Quite often a sophisticated analysis is required to understand the demand-supply equation of a good. However, the theory works well in simple situations.
2. Mainstream economics does not assume a priori that markets are preferable to other forms of social organization. In fact, much analysis is devoted to cases where so-called market failures lead to resource allocation that is suboptimal by some standard (highways are the classic example, profitable to all for use but not directly profitable for anyone to finance). In such cases, economists may attempt to find policies that will avoid waste directly by government control, indirectly by regulation that induces market participants to act in a manner consistent with optimal welfare, or by creating "missing markets" to enable efficient trading where none had previously existed. This is studied in the field of collective action. It also must be noted that "optimal welfare" usually takes on a Paretian norm. This norm in its mathematical application of Kaldor-Hicks method, does not stay consistent with the Utilitarian norm within the normative side of economics (which studies collective action, namely public choice). Market failure in positive economics (microeconomics) is limited in implications without mixing the belief of the economist and his or her theory.
3. The demand for various commodities by individuals is generally thought of as the outcome of a utility-maximizing process. The interpretation of this relationship between price and quantity demanded of a given good is that, given all the other goods and constraints, this set of choices is that one which makes the consumer happiest.
5. Перепишите и письменно переведите § 2 текста.
6. Найдите в тексте причастия, определите их форму и функцию.
7. Письменно составьте аннотацию к тексту.
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ЧАСТЬ 3 РАЗГОВОРНЫЕ ТЕМЫ
- fields and broader categories within economics.
The core concepts of economics are value, supply, demand, price, scarcity,
marginalism.
3.1 ECONOMICS1. Translate the following expressions into Russian:
Goods, services, to produce, limited, quantity, resources, labor, land, scarce, raw materials, de-sires, to satisfy, production, distribution, consumption, microeconomics, macroeconomics, positive economics, normative economics, economic, choice, decisions, to invest, to manufacture, to hire, to charge, to spend, to raise, tax, to borrow, value, supply, demand, price, scarcity, marginalism.
2. Read the text and translate paragraph 2,3.
1. Every society must solve three basic problems every day:
What goods and services should be produced and in what amounts? How should those goods and services be produced? • For whom should the goods and services be produced? What, how, and for whom to produce are universal problems. Human wants are practically unlimited, but all societies have only limited quantities of resources that can be used to produce goods or services. (Productive resources include labor, land, buildings, machinery, and raw materials.) If resources were not scarce, we could all have everything we ever wanted: continuous vacations, fine paintings, fast sports cars, elegant fur coats, or whatever else our dreams are made of.
2. The central economic problem is the conflict between people's essentially
unlimited de-sires for goods and services and the limited resources that can be
used to satisfy those desires.
^ Economics is the study of how societies with limited, scarce resources decide what gets produced, how, and for whom.
3. Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services. The term economics is dated from the
publication of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Smith referred to the
subject as 'political economy', but that term was replaced by 'economics' after
1870.
Areas of economics may be divided or classified in various ways, including:
- microeconomics and macroeconomics
- positive economics ("what is") and normative economics ("what ought to be")
Q1 Q2 Quantity
The supply and demand model describes how prices vary as a result of a balance between product availability and demand. The graph depicts a right-shift in demand from D, to D2 along with the consequent increase in price and quantity required to reach a new equilibrium point on the supply curve (S),
3. Answer the questions:
1. What are three basic problems of the society?
2. Why are they universal?
3. What would happen if resources were not scarce?
4. What is the central economic problem?
5. What is economics?
6. When is the term economics dated?
7. How did Smith refer to the subject?
8. What are the areas of economics?
9. What are the core concepts of economics?
4. Read the text and A) think of the suitable heading, B) make up an annotation.
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The great nineteenth-century English economist Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) described economics as "the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life." This description reflects the fact that economic choices are so common that often we do not notice that we are making them virtually every minute. You decide how best to use your scarce time. Economic choices are decisions about how to use scarce resources to satisfy people's wants and desires. For instance, you choose between work, play, and sleep. If you choose to work, you still have to decide whether to go to class, read a textbook, or do a problem. If you choose to go shopping, you may have to decide between an expensive pair of shoes on the one hand and an inexpensive pair but a larger bank account on the other.Businesses and governments also make economic choices every day. A farmer must decide when and what to plant and how much to invest in new machinery. General Motors must decide which cars to manufacture, how many of each to produce, whether to invest in robots or hire more workers, whether to produce here or abroad, and how much to charge for the cars. The government must choose how much to spend on education, defense, research, and many other programs; how much to raise in taxes of various kinds; and how much to borrow. These choices all arise because resources are scarce.
3.2 MACROECONOMICS
1. Translate the following expressions into Russian:
Development, evaluation, economic policy, business strategy, national income, unemployment, inflation, investment, international trade, fluctuations, determinants, economic growth, forecasts, long-run, causes, consequences, aggregate, trends, short-run, adjustments, policy, fiscal policy, monetary policy, to succeed in, emblematic.
2. Read the text and translate paragraph 1,3.
1. Macroeconomics is a major branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, and behavior of the economy as a whole. Macroeconomists study and seek to understand the determinants of aggregate trends in the economy with particular focus on national income, unemployment, inflation, investment, and international trade.
2. While macroeconomics is a broad field of study, there are two areas of research that are emblematic of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences of short-run fluctuations in national income (the business cycle), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth
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(increases in national income). Macroeconomic models and their forecasts are used by governments and large corporations to assist in the development and evaluation of economic policy and business strategy.
3. To avoid major economic shocks, such as great depression, governments make adjustments through policy changes. They hope that these changes will succeed in stabilizing the economy. Governments believe that the success of these adjustments is necessary to maintain stability and continue growth. This economic management is achieved through two types of strategies: Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is macroeconomics?
2. What does macroeconomics study?
3. What are the areas of research?
4. Why are macroeconomic models and their forecasts used by governments and large corporations?
5. What do governments do to avoid economic shocks?
6. How is economic management achieved?
4. Read the text and A) think of the suitable heading, B) make up an annotation.
The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on supply. Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical foundation.
Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business cycle. That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary policy. Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes policies.
Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal policy. The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for money. It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at all. Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other reference. The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation
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has on domestic trade. It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of money.3.3 MICROECONOMICS
1. Translate the following expressions into Russian:
Elasticity, game theory, uncertainty, competition, market, failure, allocation, individuals, households, to make decisions, to determine, to establish, efficient, condition, alternative use, to fail, relative price, goal, to buy, to sell, behavior, to affect, commodity, industrial organization, labor market, expenditure, workforce.
2. Read the text and translate paragraph 1,3.
1. Microeconomics is a branch of economics. Microeconomics studies how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources, typically in markets where goods or services are being bought and sold.
2. Microeconomics examines how these decisions and behaviors affect the supply and demand for goods and services, which determines prices. It also studies how prices determine the supply and demand of goods and services. Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities.
3. One of the goals of microeconomics is to analyze market mechanisms. Market mechanisms establish relative prices amongst goods, services and allocation of limited resources amongst many alternative uses. Microeconomics analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficient results. It also describes the theoretical conditions needed for perfect competition. Significant fields of study in microeconomics include markets under asymmetric information, choice under uncertainty and economic applications of game theory. Also considered is the elasticity of products within the market system.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is microeconomics?
2. What does microeconomics study?
3. What does microeconomics examine?
4. What does microeconomic analysis offer?
5. What is one of the goals of microeconomics?
6. What do market mechanisms do?
7. What do significant fields of study in microeconomics include?
4. Read the text and A) think of the suitable heading, B) make up an annotation.
Applied microeconomics includes a range of specialized areas of study, many of which draw on methods from other fields. Industrial organization and regulation examines topics such as the entry and exit of firms, innovation, role of trademarks. Law and economics applies microeconomic principles to the selection and enforcement of competing legal regimes and their relative efficiencies. Labor economics examines wages, employment, and labor market dynamics. Public finance examines the design of government tax and expenditure policies and economic effects of these policies (e.g., social insurance programs). Political economy examines the role of political institutions in determining policy outcomes. Urban economics, which examines the challenges faced by cities, such as are sprawl, air and water pollution, traffic congestion, and poverty, draws on the fields of urban geography and sociology. The field of financial economics examines topics such as the structure of optimal portfolios, the rate of return to capital, econometric analysis of security returns, and corporate financial behavior. The field of economic history examines the evolution of the economy and economic institutions, using methods and techniques from the fields of economics, history, geography, sociology, psychology, and political science.
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ЧАСТЬ 4 КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №6ВАРИАНТ 1
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их на русский язык и определите функцию инфинитива в предложении:
• подлежащего; ' дополнения;
определения;
обстоятельства. Образец.I am going to start now in order not to miss the beginning. - Я собираюсь отправиться сейчас, чтобы не пропустить начало. not to miss the beginning - обстоятельство цели
1. It is easy to make mistakes.
2. Do you want to go to the lecture?
3. He got up early in order to have time to pack.
4. I need some more books to read.
5. Have you got the key to open this door?