2) подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADJSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmagi2FAwAjDxIjjNCzKmGEhUPF/KP4n65ZTjE+coMty3GSLGRhk33jk1RsSI47XMLArjKMWEiuO07D6+lhJYwaGu8bRDT7EiOM1rCHa2IeBwfhubHm5FHKAw8Xr6yWJNgwpoP+h4f+4vIjVsI6ONB4PGYY96DFFyItYDavP8zCUZZC9iR5bEC9ij0WchoGjXsZjT1pHBw8x4jgNKy+PlQJ5Bd2LuMRxGgZJjEiBDQ1odHF8BjIMvVKDHAwAHJvDHhGGI9oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
вместе с каждым своим элементом содержит все ему сопряженные элементы, т.е.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для всех
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
;
3) подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADJSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmagi2FAwAjDxIjjNCzKmGEhUPF/KP4n65ZTjE+coMty3GSLGRhk33jk1RsSI47XMLArjKMWEiuO07D6+lhJYwaGu8bRDT7EiOM1rCHa2IeBwfhubHm5FHKAw8Xr6yWJNgwpoP+h4f+4vIjVsI6ONB4PGYY96DFFyItYDavP8zCUZZC9iR5bEC9ij0WchoGjXsZjT1pHBw8x4jgNKy+PlQJ5Bd2LuMRxGgZJjEiBDQ1odHF8BjIMvVKDHAwAHJvDHhGGI9oAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
совпадает с каждой своей сопряженной подгруппой, т.е.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для всех
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Лемма. Пусть
– подгруппа группы
. Тогда: 1)
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFMAAAAYCAYAAACGLcGvAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAKESURBVGje7VgxTsMwFDU7HICq7h2oYWVCaQYkNgSNOrXqgFAWhgwIhW5ZuAAbp2CAE3ADpPYE7RlaYiepUsff+XaCRIUr/aGO7e/3/L7/t8lsNiPO2jFHgiPTkfl/yUx/B4Vh2ltbUM3cbftuE6eyccjIWzrJJrc19e4fdO1tWRyPjhkhczF/1/+cJslh8S1Jpod+l3wWvgkbvpnM2yf9j1EcH9vg7A6uEtV4tDLvPfpACF35YXyCaW/TngN2CfkYMvpi4jubiy0gIrA449A/oYR+63yDixC7o9h9qL1NCz02oZR8y36EcnuD17JibRRpizMjtP8FzacLtwULni8x7dizKYpGnTpwIpz9YKxSFAfDvHCC9ckJ0R1FNjiFYgEx6UMjijrlg7guZCASi8WlYbOk9PRdN74grBhTJoMrFhvimSrpl66/DU6dOusS0FqyDTbEBYnCMVmmC5tz51x1gx571ZFZJkysI09EfKzHvCdsiGM23ganTrXqMEuzphweJiH+eHfRT0lcqTKyjkyZsPKhbxriWQKBybTFqYoYkEwoa+kybLVftsPcYblOqyOTL9TzwutKOZSqBApxqBasI9MWpxGZYhGSonTt9eoga77LHHAtmbf+OQSux6pZXN64wPfHRR9USWSBEx3mPNuqWIfaTbIqB3wWhDcQmVE0PRIhHkVHGCXIyuP/y310CagJTlQCKlS0tfwAltub3HoyUrNkBClM9V0Ocbl+hK5+qtKoKU7j0uivmyA/B5RXDKssK+9uBKY8Mr3u6urkvSdz+x845zDXQIN3A201s5dkbs+tvNjG3HQwDxVNx+/t2+HuOUuXv/nw0vg905kj05HpyHRWsR8TwyzxmKu7TwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
;
2) если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
;
3)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– наибольшая подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
, в которой
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADNSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmagi2FAwAjDxIjjNCzKmGEhUPF/KP4n65ZTjE+coMty3GSLGRhk33jk1RsSI47XMLArjKMWEiuO07D6+lhJYwaGu8bRDT7EiOM1rCHa2IeBwfhubHm5FHKA10ca+4LF6+sliTYMKaD/oeH/uLyI1bCOjjQeDxmGPegxRciLWA2rz/MwlGWQvYkeWxCvY49FnIaBo17GY09aRwcPMeI4DSsvj5UCeQXdi7jEcRoGSYxIgQ0NaHRxfAYyDL1SgxwMABbwwxxpzlc8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
нормальна;
4) если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Обратно, если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
;
5)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для любого непустого подмножества
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC/SURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQVTMQMOLCeDVHGTMsBCr6B8X/oRjBN45aiFVzR0caj7uc8azY+npJED/HTbaYQcZjT1pHBw+Mbxzd4INVc32eh6FHZL0dzCAPGYY9sm45xXD5yEhDmMF4AwxkkCyD7E2PvHpDkkMb7GQG47voNhHUDHMyeuAQpbm+PlbSmIHhLnrgEKW5IdrYhxgnY9UMjmsinIyhuTrLxUiWgeENMU6Ga4YHEiI1/UNOIPTJGHTTDADhpmjmmRdAUAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAaUh9p7AvU9J9B1mM3suKGaGMfkLisW04xXpfAFBpHN/hgsyDHTbYYXQ7VBXkehrIMDG9AzsblzTw34xSPvHpDnIZAwsD4bmx9vSS+AEYPZDijoyONx0OGYQ+DjMce5HCAi4PCCI6N7yBbhPBKfaykMQPDXVxewRWoJBkCClCcXsUME9k36AEH9xIOC1BjB+KaO2Aby8ulYIFYneViBIo1XNGONRoxUioIoyW8IZqL6WYIAGDsxF7fD3CIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
.
Простая группа. В каждой группе
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
тривиальные подгруппы (единичная подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADXSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQzAAgYMSFCRqQ4yZbDFT4H4r/oeH/xtENPgRd0BBt7MPAIPvGI6/eECbW0ZHG4yEruxJZDKcBYFfIeOxJ6+jgQRbPc3MLi62vlyRoQJQxw0JZt5xiuM0e0clEB2J9faykMQPDXZBfQYEG8g7MMKIMgPgfJQBRAo6gASDnMxhHLYQ5313OeBayv/EagOx8mFi0h0cyemDiNABb9CFiwDgFXRwj9YGdD4q+8nJe5NSHK1oRTs/zMJRlYHiNJeXBMbaYYBi8uZFYDAAIdHXACsC99wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и сама группа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
) являются нормальными подгруппами. Если в неединичной группе
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
нет других нормальных подгрупп, то группа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAaUh9p7AvU9J9B1mM3suKGaGMfkLisW04xXpfAFBpHN/hgsyDHTbYYXQ7VBXkehrIMDG9AzsblzTw34xSPvHpDnIZAwsD4bmx9vSS+AEYPZDijoyONx0OGYQ+DjMce5HCAi4PCCI6N7yBbhPBKfaykMQPDXVxewRWoJBkCClCcXsUME9k36AEH9xIOC1BjB+KaO2Aby8ulYIFYneViBIo1XNGONRoxUioIoyW8IZqL6WYIAGDsxF7fD3CIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
называется
простой. Единичную группу
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADXSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQzAAgYMSFCRqQ4yZbDFT4H4r/oeH/xtENPgRd0BBt7MPAIPvGI6/eECbW0ZHG4yEruxJZDKcBYFfIeOxJ6+jgQRbPc3MLi62vlyRoQJQxw0JZt5xiuM0e0clEB2J9faykMQPDXZBfQYEG8g7MMKIMgPgfJQBRAo6gASDnMxhHLYQ5313OeBayv/EagOx8mFi0h0cyemDiNABb9CFiwDgFXRwj9YGdD4q+8nJe5NSHK1oRTs/zMJRlYHiNJeXBMbaYYBi8uZFYDAAIdHXACsC99wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
считают непростой.
Представления конечных групп
Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– группа всех невырожденных матриц порядка
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACpSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMEU31eR6GsgwMbxgYGP4bRzf4dHSk8XjIMOwB8WXdcopx2lRfHytpxGC0O7I+0tCIQfaUR169YY6bbDFeTQ3Rxj4MxlELo42N62Pr6yXBtsnKrgRpxqkpyphhoYyMzFGQ8+BOlvVYmdbRwYPdT0CnGTMw3EV2CjanYQYEkqkQ/wH9Fe2RbOyWl4JVE7qp8NCU8diD03nDKBkBALeiHA0svM5IAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
над полем
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAATCAYAAACZZ43PAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADXSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMfgOAgBGGSTIApCHKmGEhkP4HwbKvPfLqDRuijX2Moxt88BpQH2nsC9T0n8E4aiFMrKMjjcdDhmEP0KA3IINwGgCyAaQZ2Ra4wfWxksZy7rPSOjp4sBpQn+dhKMvA8AbZZgwDjKPrcYZBjptsMboTiY4FuB9lPPYgO5FoA8DOY2C4i8v5tDcAhCHxbnw3tr5eEl1heXkar5uxWy2697DFwmuwIeXlUrAUWF4eK2XMIHsSW+BiOAmRYGApEISN72Bz1RDJjTQ3AAACVbMEbLXJ6QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
комплексных чисел. Если
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
– произвольная группа, то ее (матричным)
представлением называется любой ее гомоморфизм в
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJkAAAAVCAYAAABVLkwZAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAALgSURBVGje7Vk7ctswEN309gGcMdTlABKukKFZ+AKUR51HRcajxgWLjIZWp8YXcOcyV4h9gfgEyYx8AvkMUgRQUCBoASwoySRjFK+RSXAf3tsPYJhMJhARcUzETYiIJov4YCYrRmmXJ6Pr/4E4xqUoBmc96D0NiuLM+S7xudq4afHdXfFL4P1H27PT6fAkZexHOiq6tZtMBnMOz/zq7rLtBsO4SDGAv1KNI0zKgP05pjhVsOYxUzx8CSF58P59IypZn8MjACzrNlmfs/t9hTW5VK1MpdF6L02paDYeNwm7FVxXnD+ZEHuxr6bYusEmE9nBk2SMZa65oC+QQ7S5fSoIxkVsNEtubqvELwR0taP3TUCcR7ln8LaKf2FgCefp83A6Pamq2Xrt+fa6/yopyWSqnGLtpPwNFj6BpBDy42yeJHzsIkZBuR57+/rtey/YoAaXMvvZi8u0rvibUs18PLAOIHjZtKNoJveRpU8+Lb2zS8KT8TDPT0NnFn32UZkuNoIDvNqIYWUXQ54PT+W6Ae3bxsXFixK/+q3uMcKnj3kAENwuOvzBfJ6qmb6fe7XL9exCKq3W9w1itsODqooBWCpQBLZxKTMWF4cSvy9x3gsuHpipbAM/VTPFG9eG2C7l7KItLD8eYDIssw7VWjbZtiJEMZiLi00cavxtMZl+ALC1zxDNJO/OxQPFD0A91poOD61imxZ3gCF5PZPNKcO/j4utzVDjb0u71I0xKrIvmEFCNFP3a5S5eGcmksEaFUt9DMtW2+lDBSz+rpXWJR8MrrOs+hUEtRpSudgGZmr8bRn89QOAGOSxpEA4z1yabYyd559JM5m26EI/Me7MSpportPl9nt8lhVZt1x/u18f454slAt29KfG34YrjN0k5b8wDapohs/SgVcYHwHUKkC9/Gwbj2MjmqziJW9TZjGMRwc6v5tktGiwCpWpDf8g58B/NiW+aK6IaLKIaLKIiGiyiPrxF4DgOCwKAYLHAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
G
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAsAAAAVCAYAAACQcBTNAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAABvSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFjPQVnF9faykEYPR7tj6ekmiTK7P8zCUZZC96ZFXb0iUMyAajE7hsgFDIMdNtpjBOGohUYrxmY6pGOhZYwaGu8bRDT5EK5Z1yymmjWLinEGKB4kOOkLRTpRbKUtIgyDxE4sBWiRUoDvX+oEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
,
такой, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(единичная матрица),
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Число n называется
степенью этого представления. Если гомоморфизм
A иньективен, то представление называется
точным.
Пример 1.1 Отображение, переводящее каждый элемент группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAaUh9p7AvU9J9B1mM3suKGaGMfkLisW04xXpfAFBpHN/hgsyDHTbYYXQ7VBXkehrIMDG9AzsblzTw34xSPvHpDnIZAwsD4bmx9vSS+AEYPZDijoyONx0OGYQ+DjMce5HCAi4PCCI6N7yBbhPBKfaykMQPDXVxewRWoJBkCClCcXsUME9k36AEH9xIOC1BjB+KaO2Aby8ulYIFYneViBIo1XNGONRoxUioIoyW8IZqL6WYIAGDsxF7fD3CIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, является представлением степени
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAARCAYAAAAPFIbmAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAABXSURBVCjPY2hsbGQghBloo6i8PI3XQ4ZhD4OMx560jg4eDEX19bGSxgwMdxgYGP7jVATDOW6yxSNYERAwRhkzLAQrKi/nxReY/yBY9rVHXr0hDSMYFwYADWnb9Kjq+pUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
. Оно называется
тождественным представлением группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
и обозначается через
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAAYCAYAAAAcYhYyAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADHSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMc0OAgBGEyTakvDyN10OGYQ+DjMeetI4OHpINqa+PlTRmYLgDdMV/sg2B4Rw32eJRQ+hsCK40RLQhDdHGPkAD/oGwrFtOcbSHRzJMDYZNUcYMC8GGlJfzohjMYHwntr5eEsYHGYQvsf2DYNnXHnn1hiBxIwaj3TADYF5C9hbBQAN7wzhqIdiiPA9DWQaGN+BUjeQykgyB89HCjKAhENuNTsWWl0vBwgw5PIguT5BjBhZWI6l4JAcDANg0R+BZ+50BAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
.
Пример 1.2 Если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– некоторое представление группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAaUh9p7AvU9J9B1mM3suKGaGMfkLisW04xXpfAFBpHN/hgsyDHTbYYXQ7VBXkehrIMDG9AzsblzTw34xSPvHpDnIZAwsD4bmx9vSS+AEYPZDijoyONx0OGYQ+DjMce5HCAi4PCCI6N7yBbhPBKfaykMQPDXVxewRWoJBkCClCcXsUME9k36AEH9xIOC1BjB+KaO2Aby8ulYIFYneViBIo1XNGONRoxUioIoyW8IZqL6WYIAGDsxF7fD3CIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
, то для каждой невырожденной матрицы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC6SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQzAAgYMSGiTKgIdrYB6j4HxD/h+J/EGx8N7a+XpIoF9TneRjKMjC8MY5u8AHxOzrSeDxkGPYwyHjsSevo4CFoAMQVqDbmuMkWo4vhNCDKmGEhg3HUQgwxYlxQXx8raczAcBfkfFjgQWxn+AfzEjGBiBR44AC8gx6AOA3A5lSi0wHM+bJuOcVkJSRI9Mne9MirNyTZAFBgYQt9ogyAJpzX8EAjNwwGT24kFgMAGgV85DE977EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
отображение
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAGMAAAAYCAYAAADu3kOXAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAJ0SURBVGje7Vk9bsIwFHZ32ItEegfwFSo3AxdIEBtiqFAWBoYKBbYsXKAb5ygn4AaV4ARwBmicxFXi+MU/SdugenhLROz3fd/z+54D2mw2yEY7wpJgxfhBQAg9WDH+OKJo1nH7aI8QPk3CsGfFaIEgL0/43YrRcKsRxb2KoYqndUKsx3gUJ3qN45bFNY1i+xGB0hUjDNwBJsG09Dyc9IZo+CFbR+V3qnhaezIoSQ5CFzxejwp+0Hf3wTp4TL2BgYojfj6Loo6OGGxNtkeRPHXfSXN1Pt0gHJjgoXn/mhg+drZVicLVVCRkTpyFjCQdMXyMdrRS82Konggx2cMD9J4qHmmfa6bKqytHSBT2d6VnXCUBBF9lv6PkYEJWfF70fYfMFyacJORyOeviQeDCSQtwzoTglQycLNL1nMvz69tQKl5cnRihE61YBp7lw7cU4+LA/pav1vRUOAeoaGScQKdDB494Vs9UZAtB1QJNCXwsl7Nu1udvMkIzw7sVPAHhYxMTEsVHMFnNlssuLwbkFaqc5Ek3xVN5nCCT46YE1WDTRKUgKu3I3L+yNsbyye0DeZIqJ5BIOngqTUZmTPq34+pWIzuJdUfm/N48SSIxdDgR5a6LB6yA79YCmJKBZ5xlJm5i9jo+UVXxIuJ1OBG1KV08peRoj2cLJy1lMpl6njk5qqeL7iuaOurefBOSuTbBSOWrmDdwHU54nCZ4AA/ARy/0BvHmx7rmqXLPyC5FZ/4SV+s0pOQd2ZqM+JLX5fbiR1sdTvKjrSke+z9C6fMGPN7W+Szy777aNvcpRr3PQyOtFaPRE9LMh0Irxp2GJcGKYcOK0fL4Au55X+RYXegsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
также является представлением этой группы.
Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– два представления группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAaUh9p7AvU9J9B1mM3suKGaGMfkLisW04xXpfAFBpHN/hgsyDHTbYYXQ7VBXkehrIMDG9AzsblzTw34xSPvHpDnIZAwsD4bmx9vSS+AEYPZDijoyONx0OGYQ+DjMce5HCAi4PCCI6N7yBbhPBKfaykMQPDXVxewRWoJBkCClCcXsUME9k36AEH9xIOC1BjB+KaO2Aby8ulYIFYneViBIo1XNGONRoxUioIoyW8IZqL6WYIAGDsxF7fD3CIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
. Если существует невырожденная матрица
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC6SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQzAAgYMSGiTKgIdrYB6j4HxD/h+J/EGx8N7a+XpIoF9TneRjKMjC8MY5u8AHxOzrSeDxkGPYwyHjsSevo4CFoAMQVqDbmuMkWo4vhNCDKmGEhg3HUQgwxYlxQXx8raczAcBfkfFjgQWxn+AfzEjGBiBR44AC8gx6AOA3A5lSi0wHM+bJuOcVkJSRI9Mne9MirNyTZAFBgYQt9ogyAJpzX8EAjNwwGT24kFgMAGgV85DE977EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
, такая, что что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
то представления
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC7SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rTycl6yDID6+x8U/2eQ8diT1tHBQ5QBYH8jBRjYMGINgPkbwzXGUQvxJiQgYAT7Fc2m8vI0XlAakHXLKcZpQH19rKQxA8MdmJ9hiiGBBw+Hf+iGD7HMhA0DAMPuixLgQmh8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADRSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQzAAgYETGJBkQZcywEKjpPxT/A2PjqIUkuSDHTbaYgcH4bmx9vWR9faykMQPDXWyG4DQA7Aqoho6ONB4PGYY9DDIee9I6OngIGgCz0Ti6wQfFAGJd0BBt7AN2fnm5FCgAIWFifAfkHaIMgPgfEYAwlxAViDDnyrrlFIO9k+dhKMvA8AbGJ2gARIPsTY+8ekPUaIXECEEDwM5HCm18MYBhQHl5rBQo9EHOhaVAaKL6R9AL0ID7h4llXyN7h36ZiW4GAACwEHwyM4bKXgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
называются
эквивалентными. Тот факт, что представления
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC7SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rTycl6yDID6+x8U/2eQ8diT1tHBQ5QBYH8jBRjYMGINgPkbwzXGUQvxJiQgYAT7Fc2m8vI0XlAakHXLKcZpQH19rKQxA8MdmJ9hiiGBBw+Hf+iGD7HMhA0DAMPuixLgQmh8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADRSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQzAAgYETGJBkQZcywEKjpPxT/A2PjqIUkuSDHTbaYgcH4bmx9vWR9faykMQPDXWyG4DQA7Aqoho6ONB4PGYY9DDIee9I6OngIGgCz0Ti6wQfFAGJd0BBt7AN2fnm5FCgAIWFifAfkHaIMgPgfEYAwlxAViDDnyrrlFIO9k+dhKMvA8AbGJ2gARIPsTY+8ekPUaIXECEEDwM5HCm18MYBhQHl5rBQo9EHOhaVAaKL6R9AL0ID7h4llXyN7h36ZiW4GAACwEHwyM4bKXgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
эквивалентны, мы будем обозначать так:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAPCAYAAADZCo4zAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAAnSURBVCjPY2hsbGTAhxmoo6CjI43HQ4ZhD4Nx1EIaWTEkFAxwOAAAVuGz92ohrMYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
определяет
классы эквивалентных представлений группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
.
Пример 1.3. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– симметрическая группа степени
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC1SURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjCYgYARhXHwMTfV5HoayDAyvgYr+G0c3+JSXp/F6yDDsAfFl3XKKcdpUXx8racRgtDuyPtLQmEH2pEdevWGOm2wxXk0N0cY+DMZRC6ONjetj6+slOzrSeDxkZVeCNOPUFGXMsFBGRuYoyHlwJ8t6rEzr6ODB7ieg04wZGO4iOwWb0zADAslUiP9kT3lEeyQbu+WlYNWEbio8NGU9duN03hBIRsRiAACtFeLtZ6GYAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
. Для элемента
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
через
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
обозначим матрицу,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAARCAYAAAC8XK78AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADySURBVEjHY2hsbGQYSMwwKB0ABIwD5oAcN9liBgbjO7H19ZIjLwpAQU/N4IeZh89cOKO+PlbSmIHhDlDhf+PoBh9KLY8yZlgINOsfFP9nYJB945FXb4g3BDo60njc5YxnYYt/dN/g81lDtLEPzCNQj93F5SkUTn2eh6GscVQvAd9gYuOohRjmMDC8BllaXh4rRbQDQDlA1i2nmBrxDwpNDxmGPbAoIOgAsAZZ2ZXY4okcDIkGULxHexEVAqC4MmIw2h0b6xZGqSNg8Q4KTaKjAJpwMOKTrKCXZdgNKswi6yMNoTkLGA2yrwnmgtHKaEQ6AAAiRAs1rPa8TwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
строка которой имеет вид
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHEAAAAVCAYAAABxGwGcAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAH0SURBVGje7VgxbsIwFP3d4QBUmDsQ7x1RBi5QUFYmxMKQ0bDlGlyj5QScoJXgBHCGtDiJkXGd2A4hsVUj/cHI/nnP79v+/8N2uwVvbpvfhP8k4vX3Qq1TsE/G4CpH6Z9xHL0GEHxGhAzoeDlB66vjlBqeb6ZdkDPFEMeLfjiEPQzD/SJJek37b4sjIdGA10JLxM0cTwHwkS0qxic6pg4xwKltkqYYijnH62b86IhoO0eyCscI0He4ImOliKLqSbLo0WjmCWUf04zuJuwRDFlkK+a5wjEXMjjITuTdYIZhhybL9U1USQSooqJpewSDjoguccz44NmuVMT8FKIDv4g/4sJV1dp18wgGHRFd4lh2GisdeREtE7EEl5AZaYiYRQNcOiWoiaG2iJZyZCLyT55SRP8m2sVRKaIsGmRZk87GsKLVpMA1ydx0MdTNTm3lqLxOZYnNXaobx33aBBCdyDoM7CrgI4YBFYHlNwC68N8VfdbBQMc022brqroiLnDUSmxkJYaqm1EQOcvfUkhFX9mmco0E3vd9YfvXpwkGrthPc0NntoFN+G+bo3aJUXUaVdcEeQ/fmnw/TH3aNv8ZPqvab9JHdgSjLx3nt4iXREftR97Qp23zn4ihtOSpWIQ/qpqu3tqxWg1wb+6Z3wQvojcvordG7BeS/GfPOICUbAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, где 1 стоит на
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
месте. Другими словами,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
где
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Такое отображение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
является точным представлением группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
1.4. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
–конечная группа, состоящая из элементов
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– симметрическая группа на
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
. Отображение, которое ставит в соответствие элементу
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACgAAAATCAYAAADiQ08DAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAGGSURBVEjH7VYxjsIwENzr4QEgfH9I/AXkS8E9IKB0KAVCaShcIGTS5Q3XUd4b4AX3hvACeMNxcRwH29ghxUmkSLFK5KzXszPjVSBNU+hydBpcD7AVAIA3GZ0CyAHNMRyK528deH6gNB4STHZxlg1eBpCF+LMEhIKjBMJjv8CzYv2GyHrzrwyqMjXJpYLAi/3M9n1N0Eb99vRQ+e5kIwk8BHDRpAKcR4yNHLlXLqWrXkLwMkiY5wTIwfAuxEHoQgjewSQ4qVJobBgyNYXwHD6b4JsU0ApkWTwIJnCSHTIWjTDAWfWEmluamdJhG4nr2kaz5TqCY8X+TcRdgccOFfplUZtfJHhdWrfEdb5DXtsF0QCKBJ1+4Rn/x+onfuD7x1dbeZ8BFLayyO9ij88jVW6rZAh9T1dbv+1tFx5EV3OPaa1GgNw/lEbjotu8HAdRtAzD+616lKXomtJxmzFTsZibe7arqc9vt81KpgdqD4Us9Kpi1pFh39c8ZnQmjT2OadD/LPQAXx1/5eMjJI0xMnYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
подстановку
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
является инъективным гомоморфизмом группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADrSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAaUh9p7AvWJOuxG1lxQ7SxD1D8v6xbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDtUFeR6GsgwMb0DOxuXNPDfjFI+8ekOchkDCwPhubH29JK7AxRbIcEZHRxqPhwzDHgYZjz3I4QAWl2XYDQ3c/xBsfAfZIoRX6mMljRkY7uLyCq5AJckQUIBi8yqOMJF945JVbYQsDvcqDgtQYwfimjtgG8vLpWCBWJ3lYgSKNVzRjjUaMVIqloQ3RHMx3QwBAAeNws/qhxftAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. С такой подстановкой
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
мы свяжем матрицу
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
где, как и в примере
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABcAAAATCAYAAAB7u5a2AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADzSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFWYYPoYDASMIE6UZqhaXehROeXkar4cMwx4GGY89aR0dPPgMrq+PlTRmYLgDNPgfEP83jm7wwWk4kuL/hAyHqDXeFVtfLwni57jJFjMwGN+F8XEGC1ghAcMb8vIkkOVBlhkxyJ7yyKs3pNhwDJ/keRjKGkf1EoxQUg2vznIxkpX1WJlWXs5LVcMhYQ2JUKqFOQ5L/su65RRT3fCOjjQeUBKmieEgHGXMsBA9rWPkOJAisOFoEYSeE5FzJzi1gCIVzUG4chwQy76GpVuwt2UZdjPIeuwGGdAQbeyDUAfEUPFhXCoOGcMBMGFuWfGNxqoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Тогда отображение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
является точным представлением группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADoSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAaUh9p7AvWJOuxG1lxQ7SxD1D8v6xbTjFel0AN+G8c3eCDzYIcN9lidDlUA/I8DGUZGN6AnI3Lm3luxikeefWGOA2BhIHx3dj6eklcgYstkOGMjo40Hg8Zhj0MMh57kMMBLC7LsBsauP8h2PgOskUIr9THShozMNzF5RVcgUqSIaAAxeZVHGEi+wY94OBexWEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKxZLwhmguppshABR9wtg0ubzwAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
. Оно называется
правым регулярным представлением этой группы. Определим
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACQAAAAVCAYAAAAuJkyQAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAGaSURBVEjH7ZZBbsIwEEWnezgACHOHZK5QRVnQA4TIuyqLCrFh4UWFQnY5RrlGywXKCVopOQE9A20cJ01ibNmItEJVkSwhNB6/+fPtAZIkgWtaVwXTG1Dxuekr9mIYxugYAZ9pHI9MsXFMRy64L5Sx8Y8AbUKcAWBmA/MNtfSdKUzf/GXsnAXEpdWtTrVnwLShCLh71V7lhseHW5cAHIrDj9X6bL6TA69ujrAl3mJl8ktdgOydhUdWgPOtEagMbLUhTaOBh946StNB1wtkr5W9OFzkEQV4Hq5h4u86OTQqqTyRy0E8eVsNXZwweTT0J7ADDJ9qeATIZTXr3zHczJRAXAmeSNUGWd5KRSUQb2U7ts4rH6wDlYxG3uU2qEB1QCrldK2xBIKPk0oCvKuNbGqZrE7TvlPzWresNB9jQ25MAQNHldwqU9dAfK94MCHnNxQpvQ+CbqyVqSvqrLni+kdPde2Fcs3eIA4cke80j/W1t37cSnjyqrv6pnGje1QvGh2mMaCffZDJNuhtuAql7IerKfZv/h/6B/rN9QU8ATS2IHuLFgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
следующим образом:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Тогда
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и, если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то каждый диагональный элемент равен нулю.