Смысл теоремы состоит в том, что любое пространство толерантности реализуется как система множеств классов из базиса с естественной толерантностью типа
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Выше было показано, что в пространстве толерантности
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
набор классов
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
образует базис, не совпадающий с совокупностью всех классов.
Установим одно простое свойство всех классов толерантности в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
2.4.2 Лемма
Если
– класс толерантности в
, содержащий элемент
, то
. Доказательство. Действительно, все элементы, толерантные к
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, обязаны содержать номер
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAARCAYAAAAPFIbmAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACNSURBVCjPY2hsbGQghBnIUgQEjEDMhFdRnodsEQOD8e3Y+npJ8q0DWQPFjFgV1dfHShozMNwGKvhnHN3gg9Okjo40Hnc541nI7sFQVJ3lYiRrHNWL1005brIlsh55RTgVgazykJVd6ZFXb4hTEcjhRgxGe6Kj3cLRFcIZDbHG3kCf/WUwjppPnbijrSIAJn3aRORexl4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
в своем наборе. Значит,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Но
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
есть класс, т.е. по определению не может целиком содержаться в другом классе. Значит,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
2.4.3 Лемма
В пространстве
существует единственный базис:
. Доказательство. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABkAAAAXCAYAAAD+4+QTAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAFvSURBVEjH7ZVPTsJAGMXf1C0Ja7SfZ5DOFRQmEd11QUm3jSFkFojpwpiWXe/gAnEnRxAuopETeAX+OENjLNCQ0uKOxdu8RX8z73vfFP1+H/8tHCGFISPAAHDypyXb5eeCOBwDBszVh5ZKcxLt7i4/d1ydGvUA+hb34UUWPxfEsfAK3nrJ6u8N8X331AKbcje8zuLnggRNfgNYU1tKMznop2b1FuBfbhBUCkPUgIcA0wOeJcX0wPeMKhUSRV5JmJiQkN3tqDDlrbBRGPLYvrQI9CFkUE36YYs3Vq3a8LVUn9mu/UmvLomxF0WlLL5WW1BXURaId2hGtU4vFaJPI6Vt6kiodvcAjIx0f3vLVxETvelbxrFa42Q51k6zNmjuDNL8tC0PpKgS1Ue255VXzaT6e/LGB3kA48rHURm8qZoJdvBX2OHG8HdBdf03G1gY4Pv2GT+/etZReZ5drptssvkiFIspcCuqEJ9pszz+fnPrB0ImKHH4du80AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
– базис в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Тогда в нем должен существовать класс, содержащий элемент
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. По предыдущей лемме таким классом может быть только
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAYCAYAAAD6S912AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAFgSURBVEjH7VVNToNgFBy6brqv5TuEPI/QUJrqkkRL2LIgTRfVhEWNwI5jmC6JJ6jt3iuY2hPoEbT6PShasT9Iu+xiQpgvDO/NmwcIwxCHBI6CKQkoEpUVKH/5uFJY0DXEQD70IfHJV2G4A+b7Kb9IzkRr7ERRtXDLgUXnsqAF2UGH72NZ1dBtagL0ZPt+/d8e9nRxA2E8chXcokW431TVTsEocqqGionQe9eeZzYImGWVlhqK3zdOBcSzrtMdQLNtLRYTvKILNl+BeG26Q9o7Nl0NI5y1H9oCYwU0Nz2vUVrQ8+wT6dmcPWMvWRRqa2I6Tm1TZrcKpu3SS+ab79t1Hso60WR4ZNyuTv7XmxzHrOkqptAuR9kmMC/zRwJ4g6pPWTSrKl6zMT9Btqmz3A7Ge5a5HJ+cZZuTZjPN6kE+DrxN+XzuJWgR+fmMlhbjNGhaN9g55cLtpt5++3n8BRwOX9QAomQNyLj8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
. Значит, базис
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
должен содержать все классы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Но они уже сами образуют базис, т.е.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
В силу определения базиса толерантность в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
можно задать только
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
признаками, соответствующими
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADxSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQxAAgYIJixlUINhNRBtTneRjKMjC8Amr4ZxxZ7xttzLAAyP7LyGB8N7a8XIooF9TXx0oaMciekpNjuG4c2+Dd0ZHG4yHDsEfWLaeYOAMijX0ZZI1PRubVq4L4cAM88oqIMiDKmGGhcXSDD4xfneViJMcgd8Mjr96QcBiAnW+0O7a+XhLEBwVihBHDIgbj6AVEBSLINllZj1WhaWl8oJCPNGZayMBgfBtmIEEDctxkS0ChDsfGUfOJTgfgwJKVXYnNrwQNAPkV6HxjmPNJNgAY8vPhzpZ135XW0cEzcHlhaBkAAHQ7gLaXyiXAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
базисным классам
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Итак, в пространстве
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
остальные классы играют чисто паразитическую роль, не участвуя ни в одном базисе. Вообще говоря, существуют пространства толерантности с неединственным базисом.
Рассмотрим пространство
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Оно состоит из целочисленных кортежей
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
длины
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADxSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQxAAgYIJixlUINhNRBtTneRjKMjC8Amr4ZxxZ7xttzLAAyP7LyGB8N7a8XIooF9TXx0oaMciekpNjuG4c2+Dd0ZHG4yHDsEfWLaeYOAMijX0ZZI1PRubVq4L4cAM88oqIMiDKmGGhcXSDD4xfneViJMcgd8Mjr96QcBiAnW+0O7a+XhLEBwVihBHDIgbj6AVEBSLINllZj1WhaWl8oJCPNGZayMBgfBtmIEEDctxkS0ChDsfGUfOJTgfgwJKVXYnNrwQNAPkV6HxjmPNJNgAY8vPhzpZ135XW0cEzcHlhaBkAAHQ7gLaXyiXAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
, где
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Обозначим через
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
множество, состоящее из всех элементов, для которых
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Легко проверить, что эти множества образуют классы толерантности. Итак, класс
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– это совокупность кортежей, у которых фиксированная координата принимает фиксированное значение. Из определения толерантности в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
сразу следует, что классы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
образуют базис. Общее количество этих классов равно
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABsAAAARCAYAAAAsT9czAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAGSSURBVEjH7VTBTsJAEJ3ClegZ4vTGHXb5BFOWoN5IKKQnTQ+E9AAmPRiz5db4Bd5QLiqfIPyA/IBGwg/wDWrcbVlYiKAe0MTYZJJ5eTN9mTfTQqfTgZ8K+HUx8RgikrMw+gCJOK8kVU1F4xf1Mb+KN4oFbZZDgKloeMvb50d1ClcifzGATBzfz3DupCnAWPK0HhycNfZJXE8jfglznv7URt93MgRwZJrwSJ2gHIZuiu3BEK1mW+dZnR0jlm48bmcJkIHdtMo6/pIYt+khIH2wPZ6VeC7GvNaCJ6NCgV24YZiKMCGDgsku5xjZQOafitUoXMuJFJbWmGA+sXaQUzwATueYQE/YNlaTrPavFZM70S2QB1IliR7QWncxpTFUL4stNSbLWPSL/clj2SgWLRiL/Yrr7sqrsmlCTEGelXjMl26VRauWxZZWe55FT9Tka8WaFp4KkVd5gVHMJlLRYNhC1mhplnd1yySWfXrNh2KRRYh3zOP5rX7UcjfCIhpb6O9sVUyNHwUW7/Wz/Rv/xn+x78Y7Btl7n53+iKsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
, а каждый класс содержит
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
элементов.
2.5 Связь отношений эквивалентности и толерантности
Когда отношение толерантности оказывается транзитивным, т.е. превращается в свой частный случай – в отношение эквивалентности, то классы толерантности превращакугся в классы эквивалентности. Так как классы эквивалентности не пересекаются, справедлива
Лемма. Отношение толерантности
янлнигся отношением эквивалентности тогда и только тогда, когда классы толерантности не пересекаются друг с другом. Вернемся теперь к изучению отображения
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, построенного в процессе доказательства теоремы 2.3.1 и выясним, какие элементы из
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
имеют одинаковый образ при отображении
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, т.е. отчего
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
бывает не инъективным.
2.5.1 Определение
Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– пространство толерантности. Множество
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
называется
ядром, если существует такая совокупность классов
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAAJCAYAAADQHRcxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAABESURBVCjPY2hsbGSgFmagiWFAwAjELAwM/xlJFcMwrDrLxUiWgeGNcXSDD6liGIbVxxp7A238bRxb702qGG3DbHgbBgAQjvMHX13M3QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, что
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACzSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzPQRDMQMCJjojXnuMkWAzX8A+L/YFrWY3daRwcP0TY3RBv7MDDIvvHIqzck2dlg22U89mCzEa/mjo40Hg8Zhj2ybjnFJAdYfZ6HoSyD7E18TsYfYAScjFUzzMkMxlELSY7n+vpYSWMGhrvG0Q0+pGuONPZlYDC+G1tfL4kedegGomgsL0/jhTkZOXVVZ7kYyTIYnUI3EC1RgFMVdmwcvYA+GYPmmgGEsGl0N0eQigAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
есть совокупность всех элементов из
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, каждый из которых входит во все эти и только эти классы.
Ядра – это прообразы при отображении
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Действительно, ядро
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
состоит из всех тex элементов
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADISURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjKb/DAyMDAwMLFDMiCoWyoxVU32ssTdQwW9GRtlXLln1xqtWMTBVR5r6gsQYZD12pnV08OB0Xp6HbBGDUcSiLDf5YgaTqHlE+amh2MNAloHhtaxHXhHRAdFRnsbrIcOwxziy3pcoTSCP57kZp5iYyC5jMI5aCBJbxcDABAsYFE0gT4NCCeRxWY+cQpAT5WTdV4ampQmADPEobjDA0JTjIVsIDiWoxzs60ng8ZBl2gsRAhgyCFEFTTQDANBA6MmVinAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, для которых образ
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
есть именно это множество классов толерантности:
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Отсюда ясно, что непустые ядра образуют разбиение, множества
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и тем самым задают отношение эквивалентности. Мы попробуем разобраться, как это отношение связано с исходной толерантностью.
Пусть задано пространство толерантности
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, Далее мы будем обозначать через
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
множество всех элементов, толерантных к
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADDSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjKb/DAyMDAwMzFDMiCoWyoxVU32ssTdQwR9GBtlXLlnVxqsYGJiqI019gWK/GWQ9dqZ1dPDgdF6eh2wRg1HEoiw3+WIG46j5RPmpPs/DUJaB4bWsR14R0QHRUZ7G6yHDsMc4st6XKE0gj+e5GaeYmMguAzptIVJgMGJoAnkaKMEC8risR04h2Imy7itD09L4QYZ4FDcYYGjK8ZAtBIcS1OMdHWk8HrIMO0FiIEMGQYqgqSYA0UUPJwUzFa8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
. Отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
на
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
определим условием
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Иначе говоря,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
означает, что
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADISURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjKb/DAyMDAwMLFDMiCoWyoxVU32ssTdQwW9GRtlXLln1xqtWMTBVR5r6gsQYZD12pnV08OB0Xp6HbBGDUcSiLDf5YgaTqHlE+amh2MNAloHhtaxHXhHRAdFRnsbrIcOwxziy3pcoTSCP57kZp5iYyC5jMI5aCBJbxcDABAsYFE0gT4NCCeRxWY+cQpAT5WTdV4ampQmADPEobjDA0JTjIVsIDiWoxzs60ng8ZBl2gsRAhgyCFEFTTQDANBA6MmVinAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADiSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQVfMqBgYmBjBexQRXxMDAiMzHqTnKmGE+UPFfBhmPPWkdHTwgsYZYY28GWY/dMD5eZzdEG/swMBjfja2vlwTxOzrSeNyM3WqJ0lyf52EoyyB70yOv3hDELy+PlfLwyAslKsDq62MljRkY7hpHN/iA+HlubmEwVxCvObLetzrLxcjUIy+Z6KgC+dFDhmGPrIdHr4mcx0x0vxLWLMuwGxhot7E5F6tmUPzC4jo6OtqT6EQCDmFZj1Vp5WlSIFuNYxu8SdPMwPCKgUH2FSyK6Ju2h4ZmAOUQb5ewj0opAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
толерантны к одним идем же элементам.
Лемма. Для того чтобы выполнялось соотношение
, необходимо и достаточно, чтобы
и
лежали в одном и том же ядре
. Доказательство. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADCSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjKb/DAyMDAwMzFDMiCoWyoxVU32ssTdQwR9GBtlXLlnVxqsYGJiqI019QWIMsh470zo6eHA6L89DtojBKGJRjptsMYNx1Hyi/NRQ7GEgy8DwWtYjr4jogOgoT+P1kGHYYxxZ70uUJpDH89yMU0xMZJcBnbYQKTAYMTSBPA0KJZDHZT1yCsFOlHVfGZqWxg8yxKO4wQBDU46HbCE4lKAe7+hI4/GQZdgJEgMZMghSBE01AQDitQ8zvoWhcgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADJSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQVTMQMMIwujhBzdHGDAuACv8xyHjsSevo4AGJNUQb+yDz8TobrJjB+G5sfb0kiN/RkcbjZuxWS5Tm+jwPQ1kG2ZseefWGYH59rKSbW14YUQEGUmzMwHDXOLrBB8TPc3MLg7mCJM3VWS5Gph55yURHFciPHjIMe2Q9PXtM5DxmovuVsGZZht3AQLuDzblYNcPiEkRHR0d7Ep1IwCEs67EyrT5NEmQrLLCI18zA8JqBQfY1LIrom7aHhmYARCxuhCFXOMAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
принадлежат ядру
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. По лемме 2.3.3 множество
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
состоит из всех элементов, входящих хотя бы в один из классов
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Но то же самое справедливо и для множества
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, т.е.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
или
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Обратно. Предположим, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, и пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADISURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjKb/DAyMDAwMLFDMiCoWyoxVU32ssTdQwW9GRtlXLln1xqtWMTBVR5r6gsQYZD12pnV08OB0Xp6HbBGDUcSiLDf5YgaTqHlE+amh2MNAloHhtaxHXhHRAdFRnsbrIcOwxziy3pcoTSCP57kZp5iYyC5jMI5aCBJbxcDABAsYFE0gT4NCCeRxWY+cQpAT5WTdV4ampQmADPEobjDA0JTjIVsIDiWoxzs60ng8ZBl2gsRAhgyCFEFTTQDANBA6MmVinAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
принадлежит некоторому классу
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Тогда для любого
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
будет выполнено соотношение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. В силу выполнено и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Значит,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
(поскольку
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– максимальный предкласс). Аналогично показывается, что всякий класс, содержащий
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADJSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQVTMQMMIwujhBzdHGDAuACv8xyHjsSevo4AGJNUQb+yDz8TobrJjB+G5sfb0kiN/RkcbjZuxWS5Tm+jwPQ1kG2ZseefWGYH59rKSbW14YUQEGUmzMwHDXOLrBB8TPc3MLg7mCJM3VWS5Gph55yURHFciPHjIMe2Q9PXtM5DxmovuVsGZZht3AQLuDzblYNcPiEkRHR0d7Ep1IwCEs67EyrT5NEmQrLLCI18zA8JqBQfY1LIrom7aHhmYARCxuhCFXOMAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
, содержит одновременно
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADCSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjKb/DAyMDAwMzFDMiCoWyoxVU32ssTdQwR9GBtlXLlnVxqsYGJiqI019QWIMsh470zo6eHA6L89DtojBKGJRjptsMYNx1Hyi/NRQ7GEgy8DwWtYjr4jogOgoT+P1kGHYYxxZ70uUJpDH89yMU0xMZJcBnbYQKTAYMTSBPA0KJZDHZT1yCsFOlHVfGZqWxg8yxKO4wQBDU46HbCE4lKAe7+hI4/GQZdgJEgMZMghSBE01AQDitQ8zvoWhcgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Итак,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADDSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMjKb/DAyMDAwMzFDMiCoWyoxVU32ssTdQwR9GBtlXLlnVxqsYGJiqI019gWK/GWQ9dqZ1dPDgdF6eh2wRg1HEoiw3+WIG46j5RPmpPs/DUJaB4bWsR14R0QHRUZ7G6yHDsMc4st6XKE0gj+e5GaeYmMguAzptIVJgMGJoAnkaKMEC8risR04h2Imy7itD09L4QYZ4FDcYYGjK8ZAtBIcS1OMdHWk8HrIMO0FiIEMGQYqgqSYA0UUPJwUzFa8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADrSURBVDjL1ZI/DgFBGMUfWhcgZs+A4QayPkFJwmQqyRaKaRRbiMxst41ep98j4CIkDuAQEkZCxN+JiEQxxZt8v+S9732IogifPnwVToA0gAyQpC9DQOpaP4X7HPPj8B4FWgVxnLV/RvImGC3P+qVtI3gL4Fupdc7qOA6yPvcnTrBWVGJga1K6ZHUYyjyR6jgtTGuZ48CWC9OyeZXvd88u3OGebo+HtXKV1MC5KpuRClgxomnFo9lt1vcwwxIobx7ZvYOvu7RdCyEazkdy2jCrJ0EY5BsMCy5N0xk2Iyp6wA7wdjQyxd/f9n/AB8j8bUTpDv6cAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
принадлежат одной и той же совокупности классов, а значит, и общему ядру. Лемма доказана.