Покажем теперь, что операция
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
не дает ничего нового:
Если
и
– эквивалентности, то ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Доказательство. Заметим сначала, что, учитывая лемму 1.3.4,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Применяя транзитивное замыкание к обеим частям, ввиду свойства монотонности транзитивного замыкания имеем
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Далее, применяя распределительный закон получим
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Мы использовали здесь тот факт, что для рефлексивного
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADrSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoTwvlc5Nh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v9JNgCkuT7S2NfYza1WlkH2pkdevSFJBoD8LWsc3dMQbezDwGB8N7a+XpJoA8D+NnarC01L46uNNPQjyQCQ06ONGRYA6b8gzMjA8I9BxmNPWkcHD0ED4P6ObfCGiYEDkRgDQJph/kYWBxtgHL0Ab0oEAiawX2Xc9qaVl/PCDEyDpgFZt6wSBoZVTFgNqK+PlTRmYLgN9fMfWY+sIpB4Q6yxNywcQOIMsu67kL3BMPRyIzoGAAq4fmgf1ilPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
выполнено включение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, а следовательно,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFkAAAARCAYAAAC2AACuAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAI/SURBVFjD7VixbsIwEDWdgR2B+Qe4X6hCJGBkgIitylChDICUoWoDG0O/gAn6G8CHVIgfaL8BWp+JhwQ7OMWhS5BOIuHse/fu7sWEzOdzklu2lpPwXySzT4HZQ8wKWhtq+qUGegOme8aS+UkdHSAr5nxi9sPsyA0G62uBXp4fm2B5T1kk/ldM94ylyl+5YGTRCSFwGAZBJQiGFSDkgIFU/r7vluwa2YEz62Q1dmkx3TNWUv7KIAMgawLOCr8vFm6RbbAlNXvrLhZF2Yhwf1b5eJBw9AqaI5rolwbTrWYqfyXJonJiQVilrQh64d+HLljWKyX00/aCRrwjdLp75kCHWqOJ6vc0mBSaqq2vJvNXkowJ46j0fL+KoM4aBXscHZkOUXDexZq4jymS02AKNfWoNAVZWeSvJJkRMw2Fn4OCftCVVR8rbIH11nPdMlYzS5J1MRnSY2P5S0kW+kNtb8xHwbMblJBvRsA0PpKxjjnJNOsaeTrF0MVkQi5M5y8lmbd/TFvOoh6tEteh4awd8ZEE4fpWby1d3y8lPZlbdVjKuiANJhNyYTp/Kcl8VKi9Ec7iaCLuYQWFDl0+jeVHHM+mY+xm6UGd3cMuFp2jHN8ETMalwnD+kWR9v1fFpyqOhhitQZN8YPWRBLzm2lOzd6IzcZ3r9soIJFxXUB7wGVDUL7E3X0fJRtVZOphM/svLKv9It8nHi37h6ITHmr24LxKcDaEd8U/orgvfcG9V4tcwmezgLPPPX+Dkb+FyknPTtF9TdQ0OVPwgzgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Запишем теперь выражение для транзитивного замыкания, используя :
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Отсюда ясно, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, т.е.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Сравнивая включения и получим искомое соотношение .
Отсюда вытекает следующий результат, также принадлежащий Шику:
1.3.6 Теорема
Если
и
– эквивалентности и
, то ![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAF8AAAAkCAYAAADvqeb3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAL8SURBVGje7ZjBUtswEIYVzsCdIco7EPXeS8c4BY4+OJ7cOj50GB+AGR+Y1skth75AOdGe+gwlPEgn5AXaZwjgVaxgHEmRjXBjZjOzlySW9H+7+lcyGY1GBOP/BEJA+AgfA+EjfAyEj/AxNh1++tlSRKuRYGrQY2WQJBnsMULu0oXNV4IF100DX5cea4v1/eRA9lsQBL0mwq9DD8JH+Agf4SN8hI/wET7CR/ibDt/zLruyG2G62I9NhF+HHps3wukbu+FON+6Ga/tdDYy3Ce+DXjpnFR2lJrj8/KHLnOiTTdEBI9fpIu/TeHiqrv6POhNgQ5dUR7f/U6fDePA4DnfcNrllwfDYtvhTh54TwmaDJNnLtvwMElAHeJu6Mh13pjqMt1SfEajGh/wis63WMtySyv/xsTMvHY/D7RTGhLTdSTgeb7+21ch0VY2yOswakM9OmON8oYT+caOnIxhk2mTRw4AdU+f0XNPcZmKcrBInqsam8NZK/UKlSzFXy6BJG+swgg9+SFnwDQAKa7AJX4zrxfE+P8px72TT/DwSb50rw/A0otOVT44Yl/nJyTqNZXSshQ/Zc5jz1QvD3cVC7MNPx7jIGtVS5Gs323W6OPjIPaC09wssg1tI5913HcgqOrR+WKiy+6J/6aAWG5EsScIXqRudLQUT8i8d86Lkkc78eGegS2jLV3viu+9l1vRMR8bCRIcWPvfDwfDoWTMpLJL7XOfwKozjHV2VHXbYlaxq+NYv+O2iAcptwIbtmOjKVz7sjjD0dnWVv4BdTocUPlSG8MPVTr56bIpcegYZl1UcfAdVLypbulWpeyOEi2Nf/jubJ5syunj1D9jR0kZyCTPUMVmno7jALe6BbfdWVDMsmmc+hQLbSAaZV2M6EVSJ2P78GUpuZJUIY8Sxtw+ng2xM/ky/S+BSMlcl6wXgK+kySaipDtlxW/k+QzyYzz4PRTZX/kfoX5VHwm6R24b6GVvvacrq0oWpDugJPUp+F+do1AuvtxYIAeEjfIya4xHYLC/AprAEfgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
В самом деле, по теореме 1.3.3 произведение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
является эквивалентностью, а стало быть отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
совпадает со своим транзитивным замыканием
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Но тогда из теоремы 1.3.5 следует .
1.4 Отношения эквивалентности на числовой прямой
Пусть задано отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
на множестве
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. В случае, когда
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– числовая прямая, отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
отождествляется с некоторым подмножеством числовой плоскости, т.е. прямого произведения
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. В этом параграфе будут рассмотрены геометрические свойства множества
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
на плоскости в случае, когда отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADrSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoTwvlc5Nh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v9JNgCkuT7S2NfYza1WlkH2pkdevSFJBoD8LWsc3dMQbezDwGB8N7a+XpJoA8D+NnarC01L46uNNPQjyQCQ06ONGRYA6b8gzMjA8I9BxmNPWkcHD0ED4P6ObfCGiYEDkRgDQJph/kYWBxtgHL0Ab0oEAiawX2Xc9qaVl/PCDEyDpgFZt6wSBoZVTFgNqK+PlTRmYLgN9fMfWY+sIpB4Q6yxNywcQOIMsu67kL3BMPRyIzoGAAq4fmgf1ilPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
есть эквивалентность.
Согласно определению 1.2.1 отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
называется
эквивалентностью, если оно рефлексивно, симметрично и транзитивно. Каждое из этих свойств порождает некоторое геометрическое свойство множества
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Координаты точки на плоскости будем обозначать
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
1. Рефлексивность. Из того, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для всех
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAAPCAYAAAA/I0V3AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACnSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMnCYgYARhfGIoGhqijX2Akv8YGGRfu2RVG4EUwsVkPXandXTw4HRejptsMYNx1EIIHb2AKD/V53kYyjIwvJF1yykmOiDKy9N4PWQY9hhHN/gQrSnPzTjFxER2OciJsIDAqgkWQiCPy3rkFYGdKOuxMq28nBdkiEdevSGGpjwP2SJwKEE93tGRxuMhy7AbJAYyZJCkCJppAgBbqxE+ktjTfQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, следует, что множество
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADrSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoTwvlc5Nh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v9JNgCkuT7S2NfYza1WlkH2pkdevSFJBoD8LWsc3dMQbezDwGB8N7a+XpJoA8D+NnarC01L46uNNPQjyQCQ06ONGRYA6b8gzMjA8I9BxmNPWkcHD0ED4P6ObfCGiYEDkRgDQJph/kYWBxtgHL0Ab0oEAiawX2Xc9qaVl/PCDEyDpgFZt6wSBoZVTFgNqK+PlTRmYLgN9fMfWY+sIpB4Q6yxNywcQOIMsu67kL3BMPRyIzoGAAq4fmgf1ilPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
содержит главную диагональ (
свойство ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
).
2. Симметричность. Симметричность означает, что если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, т.е. что множество
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
симметрично относительно главной диагонали (
свойство ![](data:image/png;base64,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)
).
3. Транзитивность. Транзитивность означает, что если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Точка
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
является четвертой вершиной прямоугольника, три вершины которого находятся в точках
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Заметим, что вершина
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
лежит на биссектрисе координатного угла – главной диагонали координатной плоскости. Поэтому геометрически свойство транзитивности можно сформулировать следующим образом:
Множество
на плоскости определяет транзитивное отношение тогда и только тогда, когда для любого прямоугольника, одна вершина которого
лежит на главной диагонали, а две соседние с
вершины принадлежат
, вершина
, противоположная
, также принадлежит
(свойство
). Замечание. Если отношение
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
является симметричным, то геометрическая формулировка транзитивности несколько упрощается. А именно:
Множество
на плоскости, симметричное относительно главной диагонали, определяет транзитивное отношение тогда и только тогда, когда для любого прямоугольника, одна вершина которого лежит на главной диагонали, а две другие принадлежат
, четвертая вершина также принадлежит
(свойство
). Разница с предыдущим утверждением состоит в том, что вершины, принадлежащие
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, не обязаны быть соседними с вершиной, лежащей на диагонали. Покажем, что для симметричного
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
свойство
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, влечет
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Пусть, например, вершина, лежащая на диагонали, имеет координаты
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
; покажем, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. В самом деле, в силу симметрии, вместе с
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
имеем
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Если в качестве вершины на диагонали взять теперь
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, а в качестве соседних с ней вершин, принадлежащих
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то, в силу свойства
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
получаем
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAE0AAAAVCAYAAAAD1GMqAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAJpSURBVFjD7Vg9TsMwFDY7PUARr3cAl5kFGVeCFQmiTqAOCHkApAwITLcOXAAmmIAzwEWQygnKGYA8x06D28R2xM+Ah6eoaZ793ufv++yEDIdDEiMsIggRtB8CiZCFCFpAnB1urFImDhqBZqP916v9G5GmgxZfJs80udzyBg0LxbhM6Bahye1fgpZQcovFm5p8QLYjdM49Su6yvA8v0MwkOundBdi8onwKrWqoKg+By+vZu6sbHyUFhEzUs0XQcV/Kti9gSBTK2DkQeOFCrlSChkUoSgJ5wolshKsGz4uCycbh2WrBTLwH/GkwGi3WsUc9t8yfzXMqt/S7dk4cP01bZfDUf455XSEFXwGaXOXz0Fcb7JJ++0uUkNes+TcbWZ84YnCCDMiv/lK2CxuNBouMsnOfplVzilFZfpou6dwLA2QTeSJpzBhyl27XgiY4HPtQ39HAG7Cjk/C8qQSk7LcZEzu+nqUWKasbuDjG3Hzhy7IMk2dhSSbmsD6I+k12GidoulGTJxjbqWvO9lsE68tYnc2bptJUPlaqX83hA9oc6o+R+i7wBKMH3S7cI1NDjghl0NDA17jYrwJLW8i4ym9Rnj2AB/TWJucx9LEZ1ul+gs5puqnxPJ8qH0mUPBBo4I/IUAQRJeeSOjaKDIVe76rb4ddVLMk3DbfEtEcWC+3yNLyvvAsZldVtKyezm9NvfSOY+mAOqAJA77wFiIatFc1Oc8KOBH47er2nFYTQzxipz+Rbu/GvnOTlLl+fOevo1cNrkiS9+MLukHYhYzloI8tCN49/+ZVjKluYNDkTxk9D8XtaBC1GBO374hNkcvjl2lHNlAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
.
Заметим, что класс эквивалентности, содержащий точку
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, есть проекция пересечения множества
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и прямой
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
на ось ординат.
Сейчас мы приведем некоторые примеры множеств на плоскости, определяющих отношение эквивалентности.
1 Пример. (тривиальный). Множество
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
вся плоскость. Выполнение свойств
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADjSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQTfMqBgYmBgYGZtx4FRNOzVHGDAuBiv6AMCMDw18GBsZ/KHzj6AVYNXd0pPF4yJnMjK2vlwTxc9xkSxhkPXandXTwgPh5HrJFxrEN3lg1NxR7GHjENtjCDZJh2CPrkVcEl4+MNIAZjDfAqrNcjGQZZG965NUbkhzaYCczGN9Bt4mgZpiT0QOHKM3l5bFSRgyMd9EDhyjN9ZHGvsQ4GUMzEDBGGTEsIsbJKJpBqQsYysayDAxvDCNr/dBTE07NoEByl2XYBUtNYCzrvguWQGifMeiqGQAZqGP0cu1mhwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
очевидно. Все точки исходной прямой
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
отождествляются, т.е. входят в один класс эквивалентности.