к выполнениюконтрольныхработ.
Количествоконтрольныхработ, выполняемыхна каждом курсе,устанавливаетсяучебным планомуниверситета.
В данномпособии предлагаетсядля студентов6 вариантовконтрольныхработ. Выполняютсяони в соответствиис цифрамистуденческогошифра (четныеили нечетные).
Выполнятьконтрольныеработы следуетв отдельнойтетради. Наобложке тетрадинапишите своюфамилию, номершифра, курс ифакультет.
Контрольныеработы должныбыть выполненычернилами,аккуратно,четким почерком.Слева справаоставьте полядля рецензиипреподавателя.
| Левая страница | Правая страница | |||
| Поля | Английскийтекст | Русскийтекст | Поля | |
Контрольныеработы должныбыть выполненыв той последовательности,в которой ониданы в настоящемпособии.
Выполненныеконтрольныеработы направляйтедля проверкии рецензированияв установленныесроки на кафедру“Английскийязык”.
Если контрольнаяработа несоответствуетуказаннымтребованиям,она возвращаетсябез проверки.
Подготовка
к зачетами экзамену.
Прочитатьнеобходимыетекстовыематериалы ипонять основнойсмысл прочитанного.
Просмотретьматериал выполненныхконтрольныхработ.
Просмотретьперечень необходимыхвопросов длясобеседованияпо разговорнойтематике.
Просмотретьгазетный материална английскомязыке, пользуясьсловарем.
Прочитатьи понять, с помощьюсловаря, тестыпо специальности.
Вариант1
1.Переведитетекст:
Cosmic Flight.
Welive in a wonderful age when the most daring dreams of man are comingtrue. Formany centuries cosmic flights were but a dream. October 4, 1957became a remarkable day throughout the world. The first spacesatellite was put into orbitaroundthe Earth. Tsiolkovsky's "utopian" dream has been realized.Each cosmic flight on a manned spaceship is really a great event. Thesatelliteisa small space laboratory. Itsaim is investigating radiation as well as the effects of the state ofweightlessness on thehuman organism.
2. Переведитеслова и выражения:
daring,to put into orbit, space satellite, manned spaceship, investigating,the state
ofweightlessness, radiation.
3. Переведитепредложение:
Многие векакосмическиеполеты быливсего лишьмечтой.
4. Переведитепредложение:
Первый космическийспутник былзапущен 4 октября1957 года.
5.Переведитепредложение:
Eachmanned spaceship is a small cosmic laboratory.
6.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Themost... dreams of people are coming true.
a)remarkableb) daring c) wonderful
7. Выбратьправильныйвариант:
Eachcosmic ... is really a great event,
a)satelliteb) spaceship c) flight
8.Закончитьпредложение:
For many centuries cosmic flights were....
a) "utopian" dream b) but a dream
9.Закончитьпредложение:
The first space satellite was put into orbit....
a) around the Earth b) around the moon
10.Составитьпредложение:
is,on, organism, aim, investigating, the, its,radiation,human
11.Составитьпредложение:
flight,manned, really, event,cosmic, a, is, remarkable, each, on, spaceship, a.
12. Ответитьна вопросы:
1.When was the first space satellitelaunched?
2. What is a satellite?
3. Who was the first cosmonaut in the world?
Вариант2
"Ulugbek"
Thegreat scientists of Central Asia were not only outstanding thinkers,who confirmed to the world faultless of their ideas on understandingthe Universe. Central Asia also had some of the remarkableastronomers, who made careful observations under natural phenomena.Among Samarkand's astronomers of the 15-th century was Ulugbek whomade himself famous by his observations needed for science. Havingstudied Astronomy under famous scientists Ulugbek began intensivelyobserving the sky. He built enormous observatory in Samarkand.Observatory was equipped by the most modern tools of that time.
2.Переведитеслова и выражения:
scientists,outstanding thinkers, to confirm, faultless, the Universe,remarkable, observations, intensively, enormous observatory, moderntools.
3.Переведитепредложение:
УченыеЦентральнойАзии были нетолько выдающимисямыслителями,но и замечательнымиастрономами.
4.Переведитепредложение:
ОбсерваторияУлугбека вСамаркандебыла оборудованасамыми современнымиприборами.
5.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Samarkand'sastronomers achieved the great accuracy in their ......
a)ideas
b)observations
c)instruments
6.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Thecatalogue " Starry tables "contained ........ position of1018 stars in the sky.
a)precise
b)geographic
c)different
7.Вставить предлоги:
Astronomywas subject..... major concern ..... him.
8.Вставитьпредлоги:
Ulugbek'scontemporaries were fascinated..... the magnificence ..... theobservatory.
9.Вставитьпредлоги:
Ulugbekwidely used definitions.... geographic coordinates .... different places .... Central Asia.... practical purpose.
10.Составитьпредложение:
of,astronomers, known, all, world, were, works, the, Samarkand's,widely, the, over.
11.Ответить навопросы:
1)What was Ulugbekfamous for?
2) Whatwas the great achievement of Ulugbek in Samarkand?
1.Переведитетекст:
When aconductor joins two points of different potential, electricity flowsfrom one to the other along the conductors until the potentials areequal. This process is very rapid, and with good conductors iscompleted in a fraction of a second. While it lasts, an electriccurrent is said to flow from one point to the other. By convention,the direction of the current is said to be that from the higher tothe lower potential, i.e. the direction in which positive chargeswould travel, but actually, owing to their much greater mobility, itis the negative electrons which move, and it is their motionwhich constitutes the current.
2.Переведитена русскийязык:
conductor,potential, rapid, direction, positive, charge, mobility, motion,negative, current.
3.Переведитепредложения:
1)Electricity flows from one potential to the other until thepotentials are equal.
2)An electric currentflows from one point to the other.
3)The motion of the negative electrons constitutes the electriccurrent.
4.Выбрать правильныйвариант слова:
Whena conductor joins two points of different potential... flows from oneto the other.
a)process
b)electricity
c)motion
5.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Thisprocess is very ... and is completed in a fraction of a second.
a)large
b)slow
c)rapid
6.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Thedirection of the ... is that from the higher to the lower potential
a)current
b)electricity
c)charge
7.Закончитьпредложение:Theelectric current passing through a wire ....
a)will cool that wire
b)will heat that wire
8.Закончитьпредложение:
Byconnecting wires to the top and bottom discs Volta ....
a)was able to get electriccurrent
b)was able to heat a conductor
9.Закончитьпредложение:
Whenan electric current flows along a conductor, ....
a)the latter becomes strong
b)the latter becomes heated
10.Составитьпредложение:
from,to, along, flows, potential, the, conductor,electricity, one, other, the.
11.Перевести наанглийскийязык.
1)Направлениетока осуществляетсяот высшего книзшему потенциалу.
2)Электричествотечет от одногопотенциалак другому, покапотенциалыравны.
3)Именно движениеотрицательныхэлектроновобразуетэлектрическийток.
1.Переведитетекст:
Faraday knewfrom his long study of electricity that magnetism should be able toproduce a current, as well as vice versa. In spite of his variousfailures, the idea of producing a current directly by magnetic actionremained firm in his thoughts. One of his friends said later how atthis period of his long life Faraday used to carry about with him inhis pocket a small rough model of electro-magnetic apparatus.This consisted simply of an inch-long straight iron core with someturns of copper wire wound round it. The basic idea he had in mindwas this: if an electric current in a wire can produce a magneticeffect, why should not a magnet near a conducting wire produce anelectric current?
2.Перевести нарусский язык:
electricity,magnetism, various, directly, magnetic, action, really,successful, immediately, reaction.
3.Переведитепредложения:
1)Faraday knew that magnetism should be able to produce a current.
2)He had produced electricity through magnetism which had never beendone before.
3)Faraday used to carry about with him a model of electromagneticapparatus.
4.Выбрать правильныйвариант слова:
Inspite of his various.... Faraday was sure that magnetismshould be able to produce a current.
a)failures b) purposes c) magnets
5.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Anyonewho has a coil of wire, a.... magnet and a sensitive currentindicator may repeat Faraday's experiment.
a.) big b) bar c) copper
6.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Amplifyingthe current, the scientist.... the necessary results
a)deflected b) got c) switched on
7.Закончитьпредложение:
Faraday'sbasic idea was that a magnet near a conducting wire should be.....
a)on opposite sides of the ringb) able to produce an electric current
8.Закончитьпредложение:Faraday separated each turn.....
a)by string for insulation purposes b)fed from the battery
9.Закончитьпредложение:Faraday wound long coils of thin copper wire....,
a)he was disappointedb)on opposite sides of the ring
10.Составитьпредложение:
by,produce, wanted, electricity, Faraday, to, electromagnetism.
11.Перевести наанглийскийязык:
1)Идея получениятока непосредственнодействиеммагнита неоставлялаего мыслей,
2)Обычно Фарадейносил в карманемаленькуюмодель электромагнитногоприбора.
12.Ответить навопросы:
1)What was Faraday famous for?
2)What was his idea?
3)What can you say about a small model of electro-magnetic apparatus,
1.Переведитетекст:
TheDiscovery of Magnetic Induction.
Thediscovery in 1820 that there was a close connection betweenelectricity and magnetism was very exciting -until then, the twosubjects had been considered as quite independent. The firstdiscovery was that currents in wires make magnetic fields; then inthe same year, it was found that wires carrying current in a magneticfield have forces on them. In 1840 Faraday discovered - electriceffects exist only when there is something changing. If one of a pairof wires has a carrying current, a current is induced in the other,or if a magnet is moved near an electric circuit, there is a current.We say that currents are induced.
2.Переведитеслова и словосочетания:
Discovery,magnetic induction, wires, magnetic fields, current, electriceffects, induced, an electric circuit, connection, electricity andmagnetism.
3.Переведитепредложения:
1)Electricity and magnetism subjects hadbeen considered as quite independent subjects.
2) Ifcurrents make magnetic fields, people suggested that magnets mightalso make electric fields.
4.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Forthe atom to be electrically neutral, the number of protons mustbe.......to that of
electrons.
a) more b) equal c) less
5.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
We knowIsaac Newton to express the connection between........ and motion inthe form
ofseveral laws.
a)electricity b) current c) force
6.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
BeforeFaraday's discovery the only usable source of........ was thegalvanic battery.
a)electricity b) magnetism c) conduction
7.Закончитьпредложение:
Artificialmagnets may be made by placing.........
a) a magnet to be magnetisedinto a battery
b) apiece of iron or steel to be magnetised into a coil
8.Закончитьпредложение:
Faradaywanted to produce electricity by.........
a)Electromagnetism b) electric circuit
9.Составитьпредложение:
Was,carrying, a, have, them,discovery, that, current, magnetic, forces, the, wires, in, field,on.
10.Составитьпредложение:
A, electricity, and, had, as, was,between, magnetism, subjects, considered, independent, there,connection, and, these, been, quite.
Вариант6
1.Переведитетекст:
AlessandroVolta, a professor of physics, established the true source of theelectric current. He demonstrated that it could be produced by theaction of dissimilar metals. In 1800 he developed the first electricbattery, a device known as a voltaic pile. Although he tried a numberof different materials he found that the best results were obtainedwhen he used silver and zinc as the two metals. The pile consisted ofa series of small disks of these and of cardboard, the latter havingbeen soaked in a salt solution.
2.Переведитеслова и словосочетания:
source,dissimilar, device, a voltaic pile, silver, zinc, cardboard, soaked,salt solution, series.
3.Переведитепредложения:
1) Theelectric current could be produced by the action of dissimilarmetals.
2)A voltaic pileconsisted of a series of small disks and of cardboard.
4.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
AlessandroVolta established the true... of the electric current,
material
source
field
5.Выбрать правильныйвариант:
Duringhis experiments Volta developed thefirst electric...
battery
source
device
6.Выбратьправильныйвариант:
Byconnecting... to the top and bottom discs Volta got electric current
a) discsb) wires c) bars
7.Закончитьпредложение:
Anelectric current is a flow of electrons along...
a) theparticles were electrons
b) ametal wire or a conductor
8.Закончитьпредложение:
There aremany measuring devices e. g....
a) galvanometers, voltmeters and others
b) slight changes every day
9.Закончитьпредложение:
Themethod of producingelectricity directly from heat attracts...
problemof life
attentionof scientists
10.Составитьпредложение:
that,current, produced, action, metals, demonstrated, the, could, by, of,Volta, electric, be, the, dissimilar
Readand translate the texts:
Uzbekistan Chooses Its Way.
Theproclamation of Independence on September 1-st 1991 was landmark inthehistory of the Republic. Uzbekistan is a multi-national countryinhabited by morethan 130 nations and nationalities.
Uzbekistan'spresent day economy is diversified consisting of agricultural andmanufacturing industries including the gas and oil industries,ferrous and nonferrousmetallurgy, coal and uranium fields, engineering, cotton-ginning,textiles,canning and others. Uzbekistan possesses the largest economicpotential andhighest growth figures amongst the republics of Central Asia in bothindustrialand agricultural development. An important place in the Republic ofUzbekistan'seconomy is given to the rural sectors and especially the cottongrowingindustry. Uzbekistan ranks 4th in the world's gross cotton yieldstakes. Thesubstantial scientific-technical potential, both in the industrialand agricultural developmentsectors, has been created in the Republic. Uzbekistan maintainsforeigntrade connections with many countries in the world, participates invarious internationalexhibitions and festivals, enjoys the memberships of manyinternationalorganizations, banks and funds. At present over 120 countries of theworldhave recognized the Republic of Uzbekistan and diplomatic relationshave beenestablished with more than 60 of them. In Tashkent - the capital ofindependentUzbekistan - there are 27 embassies, a UN mission and the opening ofafurther number of embassies is planned. Broad opportunities have beenopened upfor the involvement of the Republic in an international division oflabour and forthe extension of foreign trade, ties having been obtained throughindependence and sovereignty. Uzbekistan today has a developedinfrastructure. The total length ofrailroads is over 3.5 thousand kilometers, connecting all the largeeconomic centresof the Republic, ensuring entry to the CIS and other countries. Thereare over40 thousand kilometers of highway. Uzbekistan is a Republic wheretraditions andprinciples of world community are highly honoured and being a fullmember, theRepublic concentrates its efforts on the elaboration and realizationof independenteconomic and social policies directed at renewing life, the intensivedevelopmentof the national economy, the improvement of the peoples' well-beingandits rapid integration into the world economic structure. The peoplesof Uzbekistanlook ahead with optimism.
Tashkent.
Theearly information about our city you can find in ancient Easternannals of the 2century- BC. Caravans going by the Great Silk Road passed Chach (theancient name of Tashkent).Convenient geographical position favoured the city in its turninginto the capitalof the state.
Atthe end of the 10-th and the beginning of the 12-th century peoplemore often calledChach by another name - Tashkent, which means "Settlement madeof stone".
Themonuments of medieval architecture harmonize with the modernarchitectural constructions.This combination differentiates Tashkent from many other cities. Sodoes thehospitality, cordiality of Uzbek people.
Tashkentalways welcomes guests. International meetings,symposiums,
conferences,festivals are held here. The city has many friends-sister cities;Karachi,
Seattle,Tunis, Patiala, Birmingham. That's why Tashkent is considered to be"the city of
friendshipand brotherhood".
TodayTashkent - is the, capital of Uzbekistan, cultural center of thecountry. Thereare 9 theatres, Conservatory, museums, such as Art Museum, Museum ofhistory ofUzbekistan. Tashkent has shady parks with queen fountains, concert,art exhibition halls,stadiums, swimming pools, libraries, gardens.
Operaand Ballet theatre named after Navoi looks like the palace from theoutside. Thepalace where music reigns. Plays are on here almost every evening.And during a yearthe theatre presents 2-3 premiers at spectators' disposal. Thebuilding was constructedin 1947. The figures of Uzbek traditional monumental architecture areused inthe facade decoration.
Exhibitsin the exhibition hall of Uzbekistan Artists Union changecontinually. Light,roomy halls are put not only at famous artists disposal, but that ofyouths as well. Thereis an exhibition hall in the centre of the city. It was opened in1974.
Whilemaking a city tour in Tashkent, you cannot help paying attention atthe peculiaritiesof modern buildings. Each of them is the part of the nationalculture. The facadesof buildings are decorated with the elements of national ornament.Architects try totake into account the national traditions. For example, one of theblocks was built in a wayneighbours can easily contact with each other, using specialgalleries. Builders create modernblocks trying to be close to the feel of makhalla (community). Themodern construction- TV tower is not standard. It is the highest construction in CentralAsia. Andit is adjusted to the seismicity 9. Its height - 375 meters. On theheight of 100 meter? and 220 metersthe tower is girdled withtelecasting station for 5 programs, broadcasting station,meteorological station. There is also observation site, where you canenjoy the magnificent view of the city, revealing bars and restauranthere. At the restaurants you will be served with the dishes of Uzbekcuisine. The interior is decorated with national paintings.
Tashkentis the only city in Central Asia, which has underground. Theconstructionof it started in 1973 and in 1977 the first line began to operate.TashkentUnderground - it is 30 stations and they differ from each other.Architectural andartistic decoration of station depicts its name. The leadingarchitects and artists of Uzbekistantook part in designing of the stations. Underground is a favouritemeans of transportof people in Tashkent. You can go to any part of the city in no time(The intervalbetween trains is 240 seconds ).
GreatBritain.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIreland- this is the official name of Great Britain. It is composedof the island of Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland andmultitude of small islands. Great Britain separated from the Europeancontinent by the North Sea and the English Channel. In the west theAtlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea wash Great Britain.
The Atlantic Ocean and the seas washing Great Britain aswell as the south western winds affect the climate of the countrymaking it maritime and damp.
The North and West of G. B. are mountainous. ThePennines located in the central part of the island of G. B. stretchfrom north to south. Many short rivers flow down the Pennines.
Northern Ireland presents a hilly extremity of theCentral Plain.
The United Kingdom comprises England and Wales, whichoccupy the greater part of the island of G. B., Scotland in the Northof G. B., and Northern Ireland situated in the north-east of Ireland.
The principal part of G. B. is England. Northern Irelandenjoys the rights 0f an autonomous region. The territory of G. B. isdivided into counties - Lancashire, Yorkshire, etc.
The English nation arose as a result of the amalgamationof the native population of the British Isles-Celts with the Germanictribes of angles and Saxons who repeatedly invaded Britain, and withthe Normans who lived in the North of France and conguered Britain inthe middle of the 11-th century. The present descendants of the Celts- Scotchmen, Welsmen and Irishmen constitute less than one fifth ofthe total population of the country.
The population of G. B. speaks English.
G. B. is a country of highly developed culture. Theeminent physicist Newton, the famous naturalist Darwin greatlycontributed to science, while the works of great master of tragedyShakespeare, the poet Byron and the novelist Dickens enriched worldliterature and art.
G. B. is a highly developed industrial country.Coal-mining, metallurgical, textile, shipbuilding, electricalengineering, automobile, aircraft and chemical industries are ofgreat importance for Britain.
G. B. - is a constitutional monarchy. The head of thestate is the king or the queen who ascend the throne by right ofsuccession. The Englishmen say of their monarchs: "They reign,but don't rule. "
Themonarch's power is limited by the Parliament consisting of twoChambers: the Chamber of Commons and the Chamber of Lords.
The Chamber of Commons is popularly elected and theChamber of Lords is composed of high-born nobility who hold theirtitle by right of succession.
The executive power is welded by the Cabinet presided bythe Prime Minister. The post of the Premier is filled by the leaderof the party which holds the majority in the Chamber of Commons.
There are two major parties in G. B. - the Conservativeand the Labour.
The National Programme Of Personnel Training.
TheNational Programme of Personnel Training corresponds to provisions ofthe Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On Education”,elaborated on the basis of the analysis of national experience,proceeding from the world achievements in the system of education andoriented on molding of new staff generation with high common andprofessional culture, creative and social activity, ability toorientate itself independently in socio-political life, capable toput forward and solve perspective tasks.
The aim of the present programme is the fundamentalreforming of education system, elaboration of the national educationsystem for training of highly qualified personnel up to the leveladvance democratic states and meeting the requirements of high spiritand morals.
The implementation of the aim demands the developmentof mutually beneficial international collaboration in personneltraining.
The international legal base for cooperation in forpersonnel training is created, prior directions of internationalcooperation are being realized, international education structuresare developed, exchange of scientific researches and teaching staffand students are widened. The base for international recognition ofnational decree on education is prepared. The activity of concernedMinistries and Departments, Embassies of Uzbekistan for the sake ofintensive attraction the direct and indirect foreign investments forspecialists training is intensified.
Revival of spiritual values and nationalself-consciousness.
No society can see its perspective without thedevelopment and strengthening its spiritual potential, spiritual andmoral values in consciousness of people.
The cultural values of the nation, its spiritualheritage have been a powerful source of spirituality for the peoplesof the East during millennia. In spite of rigid ideological pressureduring a long period, the people of Uzbekistan have managed topreserve their historical and cultural values and their localtraditions, that were carefully transferred from generation togeneration.
From the first days of our independence, the majorproblem, raised on state policy level has been to revive that huge,invaluable spiritual and cultural legacy that was formed by ourancestors during many centuries.
But we were aware that the simple deny of values of theformer system posed a danger of political and cultural extremismwhich did not imply any creative programme. At the same time,spontaneous and thoughtless return to the values, traditions andtenor of the past can lead to another extreme: to the denial ofmodern life, to the denial of the necessity to modernize the society.
Historical memory, restoration of an objective andtruthful history of the nation, native territory, territory of thestate is given an extremely important place in the revival and growthof national self-consciousness, and if you agree also the nationalpride.
Historical experience, succession of traditions - allthis should become those values, on which new generations are broughtup.
StaticElectricity.
We shallgive an account of the electrification of bodies in terms of atomicstructure. The atoms, normally containing equal numbers of electronsand protons (units of negative and positive charges respectively),are broken up, and electrons pass from one body to another, leavingthe former positively and the later negatively charged. This is notthe normal condition of matter, and at the first opportunity thepositively charged body acquires electrons and the negatively chargedbody expels electrons, so as to recover the neutral state.
TheElectric Current.
When a conductor joins two points of differentpotential, electricity flows from one to the other along theconductor until the potentials are equal.
This process is very rapid, and with good conductors iscompleted in a fraction of a second. While it lasts, an electriccurrent is said to flow from one point to the other. By convention,the direction of the current is said to be that from the higher tothe lower potential, i. e. the direction in which positive chargeswould travel, but actually, owing to their much greater mobility, itis the negative electrons, which move, and it is their motion, whichconstitutes the current. It is unfortunate that, before the existenceof electrons was thought of the conventional direction of the currentshould have been wrongly chosen, but it is now too late to alter theconvention. The student must bear in mind that when a current is saidto flow from A to B, what actually happens is that electrons flowfrom B to A.
Magnetism.
The existence of magnets shows that matter can beactive. Everyone knows something of the property of certain pieces ofiron steel - and to a smaller extent, cobalt and nickel- by whichthey can attract other pieces of iron and steel and hold them upagainst gravity; and there is, in fact, a naturally occurring oxideof iron, knows as "lodestone" which has the same property.If we suspend a magnet by its center so that it hangs horizontally,and then bring the end of another magnet near one of its ends, wefind that the suspended magnet is either attracted or repelled; whileif we present the other end of the second magnet to the same end ofsuspended one, the reverse happens-there is either repulsion orattraction. On the other hand, either end of the magnet will attractpieces of iron, which are not magnets.
MagneticPolarity.
We have here a behavior somewhat similar to that ofelectrified. The magnitude of the force is again far greater thanthat of gravity; and there is the same attraction and repulsionbetween bodies affected, and only attraction between an affected andan unaffected body. We therefore speak of positive and negativemagnetization if we wish. We do not, however, use these terms, butspeak of two ends of the magnet as "north" and "south"poles. The reason for this is that a freely suspended magnet alwayshangs so that one end points approximately towards the north and theother approximately towards the south, and if we disturb it, italways returns to the position. We therefore speak of thenorth-speaking poles, and these names are usually abbreviated tonorth (N) and south (S) poles.
ConductorsAnd Non-Conductors.
The ease with which this is donedepends on the atomic constitution of the body. In some substanceselectrons move fairly easily, while in others they find movementdifficult. This difference is expressed by what is called theelectrical conductivity of the body. Substances through whichelectrons move easily are called good conductors. Generally speaking,among solids metals are good conductors and non-metals are poorconductors. If materials are arranged in the order of theirconductivity it is found although there is no sudden transition froma group of very good to a group of very bad conductors, the atoms arerestored to their normal state as fast as they are broken up, by thepassage of electrons from the rod to the Earth to the rod, as thecase may require. (The Earth must be regarded as containing freeelectrons and as being able to accommodate many more, without,observably electrified, owing to its great size. Any electrifiedbody, whether charged positively or negatively, immediately becomesneutral when connected with the Earth either directly or through aconductor. ) It appears to be always the electrons that move, and notthe positively charged atoms (or 'ions', as they are called). Thiswould be expected, because of the much smaller mass of the electrons.If, however, a conductor be held by an insulating handle, so thatelectrons cannot pass between it and the hand. It also can beelectrified by friction. In all experiments on frictional electricitythe apparatus used must be quite dry, otherwise any electrificationproduced is destroyed, since moisture has conducting properties.
PermanentMagnetism.
The electric current consistssimply of electrons or ions traveling round and round a circuit, andit may well be asked why, apart from the general thirst forknowledge, we should be interested to constructing vast machines inorder to make invisible particles do the same thing over and overagain. Two reasons have already been given: we can use such a processto produce chemical action, as in electrolysis and electroplating,and we can use it to produce light and heat. The third, and the mostimportant reason of all, is that we can use it to produce magneticforce. It has already been said that a circular current acts as amagnet, but before considering the magnetic effects of a current inmore detail we must examine the properties of the so-called"permanent" magnets - pieces of iron and steel whichattract other pieces of iron and steel without any obvious connectionwith electricity at all, although, as already stated, we believe theforce to be associated with the motion of electrons within themagnets.
InterpretationOf Magnetism.
Weassume that an electron moving in an orbit is a small magnet. Forsimplicity, suppose the orbit is a circle in plane of this sheet ofpaper, and suppose the electron is revolving in a clockwisedirection. Then the upper side of the paper is a S-pole and the lowerside is a N-pole. If another similar orbit existed in a parallelplane just above the first, there would therefore be attractionbetween them and the orbits would approach one another, while if thesecond electrons were revolving in the opposite direction to thepolarity they would be reversed and there would be repulsion. Eachatomic electron revolving in its orbit is therefore a small magnet,and the magnetic properties of observable bodies must be expressed interms of interaction of these intra-atomic magnets. Like theassumption of the existence of elementary particles in atoms, this isnot orbitrary guesswork. We can experiment with electrically chargedbodies of observable size moving in orbits, and we can find that theydo in fact behave as magnets in the manner just described. It istherefore quite reasonable to suppose that the elementary chargesbehave similarly, and provide us with elements out of which we canbuild a satisfactory theory of magnetism.
III.Вопросы длязачета и экзамена.
1. Wheredo you study?
2.What faculty do youstudy?
3. Whatcan you say about your future speciality?
4. Who isyour best friend?
5. Wheredoes your father (mother, sister, brother) work (study)?
6. Whendoes your working day begin?
7. Whatdo you usually do in the morning?
8. Whatdo you have for breakfast (dinner, supper)?
9. How doyou get to the University?
10. Tillwhat time are you busy at the University?
11. Howdo you spend your leisure time?
12. Howoften do you go to the cinema?
13. Whatmusic (books, films) do you like?
14. Doyou watch any programs on T. V?
15. Whatsubjects do you study at the University?
16. Whatis your favorite subject?
17. Whenand where were you born?
18. Wheredo you live?
19. Whydid you decide to enter the University?
20. Whenwill you be able to speak English fluently?
21. Whois your favorite writer (poet, actor, sportsman)?
22. Whatbooks of this writer do you like best?
23. Whatfamous American, British and Uzbek writers do you know?
24. Isyour family large or small?
25. Howold are your parents?
26. Haveyou many relatives (aunts, uncles, cousins)?
27. Howmany seasons are there in the year and what are they?
28. Whendoes it often rain?
29. Whendo trees begin to burst into leaf?
30. Whatholiday does our Republic celebrate in spring?
31. Howdo you spend your time in summer?
32. Doyou listen to the latest news every day?
33. Whatfor do you study English?
34. Whatis your native city?
35. Whatwas the ancient name of Tashkent?
36. Whatare the friends-sister cities of Tashkent do you know?
37. Howmany theatres are there in Tashkent? What are they?
38. Whatplaces of interest in Tashkent do you know?
39. Whenwas Exhibition Hall opened and where is it situated?
40. Whatcan you tell about the T. V. tower?
41. Howmany stations are there in Tashkent Underground and when was itopened?
42. Whatterritory does the Republic of Uzbekistan occupy?
43. Whendid Uzbekistan become independent?
44. Whatdoes the independence for our Republic mean?
45. Whereis Uzbekistan situated?
46. Whatis the climate of our Republic?
47. Whatcan you say about the Constitution of our Republic?
48. Whois the President of Uzbekistan now?
49. Howis the Supreme Council of Uzbekistan called?
50. What is the official name of Great Britain?
51. What parts does G. B. consist of?
52. What is the capital of G. B. ?
53. What sea separates G. B. from the Europeancontinent?
54. What climate has G. B. ?
55. What are the most important parts of London? Speakabout each part.
56. Who is the Queen of G. B. ?
57. How is the residence of the Queen called?
58. What places of interest in London do you know?
59. Why do the Englishmen say about monarch's power:"They reign, but don't rule. »
60. What do the Londoners say about their city?
61. Where is the official residence of the PrimeMinister of England situated?
62. What is Westminster Abbey?
63. What do you know about the parks of London?
64. What picture gallery is the largest in London?
65. Whatare the most famous Universities in G. B.?
Литература:
Islom Karimov “Building the Future. Uzbekistan –its own model for transition to a market economy”.
К.Иванова“English for students of electrical engineering”. Л.1983.
З. Павлова“Сборник общенаучныхи техническихтекстов наанглийскомязыке”. М.,Высшаяшкола, 1964.
В. М. Макеева“Английскийязык” (длянеязыковыхвузов). М., Высшаяшкола, 1968.
Содержание.
Тексты длячтения и перевода………………………………………………10
Вопросы длязачета и экзамена……………………………………………..16
МИНИСТЕРСТВОВЫСШЕГО И СРЕДНЕГОСПЕЦИАЛЬНОГООБРАЗОВАНИЯ
РЕСПУБЛИКИУЗБЕКИСТАН
ТАШКЕНТСКИЙГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙУНИВЕРСИТЕТ
имени АбуРайхана Беруни
Методическиерекомендации.
Контрольныеработы
длястудентов –заочников
энергетическихспециальностей
Методическиерекомендации:Контрольныеработы длястудентов –заочниковэнергетическихспециальностей(ТашкентскийГосударственныйТехническийУниверситет)составили:В.Д. Мусаева,О.М. Гордеева,Ташкент 2002.
Кафедра“Английскийязык”
Печатаетсяпо решениюнаучно-методическогосовета ТашкентскогоГосударственногоТехническогоУниверситета имени Абу РайханаБеруни
Рецензенты: ст. пр. БурдинаТ.С. ( УНУ )
доц. ФайзуллаеваМ.К. ( ТГТУ )