English Predicate and its Translation Properties into Uzbek (стр. 2 из 6)

As to morphological- lexical base, modifiers have broader than the objects do. It includes not only nouns, but also adverbs, participles.

Attribute. In contrast to the parts of the sentences spoken above, that is the subject, the object, the modifier, which can be or full are verbal-oriented in the relation of syntactical ties, the attribute is substantially- oriented. The attribute is the dependent element of nominative word expression, denoting attributive feature of the object, called noun. It is important to reveal the distinguishing features of the attribute in comparison with the predicate, because both of them denote the feature of the object. The predicate, in contrast to the attribute denotes predicative feature. Besides the attribute is an element of the phrase. But the subject and the predicate do not form phrases. And finally, when the predicative feature can be put in the connection with the noun in the position of the subject, the attribute can join the noun in any syntactical function.

2.1 The predicate as a main part of the sentence

Categorical essence of the predicate is determined by its relation with the subject. The predicate expresses predicative feature, bearer of which is the object, expressed by the subject. The expression of such feature is categorical function of the predicate.

Besides the categorical, i.e. predicative function, the predicate fulfills relative connecting function, coming as mediated link between the subject and the elements of the right verbal encirclement — the object and the modifier. Thus, in the relations between the sentence in active voice and the sentence in passive voice the verb- predicate forms original axis, around which the subject and the object rotate, exchanging their places in the sentences of active and passive. Comp.:

Fourdoctorsarclookingafterthem.

They are being looked after by four doctors. (MorningStar)[4]

Relative function of the predicate as the name of the relation between the subject and the modifier is less evident, but is carried out in this case too. Because of this fact, that predicate fulfills this function, we have such sentences with the modifiers, expressed by qualitative adverbs, which transform relative existence of the feature of the action as in the sentence: Thewashingflappedwhitelуonthelinesoverpatchesofgarden. (D. Lessing)- Formally whitely — the feature of the action, in real the substance. Such sentences are easily transformed in the constructions with the appropriate adjective as nominal part of the predicate (Thewashingwaswhite) or the attribute (Thewhitewashingflapped).

The predicate expresses two types of structural meanings: categorical meaning, i.e. the meaning intrinsic to the predicate as a definite part of the sentence (the feature of predicative feature), and the meaning, connected with the grammatical categories of personal form of the verb (the meaning of mode and tense, voice, person and number). Joint expression of two types of meanings in one word is possible only in simple verbal predicate: Неpaused. (H. G. Wells)

Though in grammatical descriptions verbal and nominal predicates are presented as isolated, not connected with each other, in general they are connected with each other. Their correlation becomes evident when contrasting the structures, in which these two types of predicates have common lexical- semantic base: verb (in verbal predicate) and nominal part (nominative predicate) are connected by word-formative relations: Andrewreddened. (A. J. Cronin) — Andrewgrewred.

In two contrasting predicates – there is common conceptual content of predicted feature, one and the same structural meanings, but the latter are divided differently in each of two types of the predicates.

Thus, two main types of the predicate are the verbal and nominal. They are elementary in the sense that they cannot be transformed, both substantially and formally into simpler structures.

The third type – phraseological type joins to these two types. Phraseological predicate expresses phrasemes, containing a noun with the meaning of action and transitive verb: Неgaveagasp. (S. Maugham)

In connection with the last type a question arises how far its allocation is substantial. Because the construction of phraseological character can be met among nominal predicates (comp.., for example, the use of formations like tobeunderfire, tobeataloss, tobeunderageand many others as a predicate). Probably these and many formations like them should be distinguished in a separate type or introduce as a sub-type to the marked phraseological predicate? Thus should be done if the essential feature of the predicate like to give a glance were their phraseological meaning. In this case we deal with unsuccessful denomination, oriented to inessential or more precisely, not very essential feature of the phenomenon. The ground for their distinguishing, first of all, is their feature, which was called “grammatical direction” of some stable word combinations. Such word combinations as tohaveabath, totakehold, togiveasmileand so on, used as a predicate have not only exact semantic correlation with the verb, based on derivational peculiarities of their nominative component, but also, it is main, — simulatedness of relations of the structure and the content, determining the productivity of the construction and plurality of appropriate units and predictability of the meaning of each new units of the plurality, including new formations:: in the structure VN_sgthey all express single action. Remembering all above mentioned moments we shall keep the denomination “phraseological predicate” as the best.

Constructions like togiveaglancefind out the tendency to wider use, to the capture of correlation of wider circle of verbal lexemes. G. Kerm sees the reason in concreteness of the noun. According to their grammatical semantics the constructions like togiveaglancecomplimentary in the relation to the system of English verb: in most cases they transform the meaning of single action, verbs do not have grammaticalized means to express such kind of action. General tendency to analytizm, typical to English language become apparent in the development and spreading of the constructions of considered type.

The status of the formations like (Themoon) rosered – isproblematictoo. The group of verbal-copulas is not exhausted with the verb to be, but it includes a wide range of verbs of diverse lexical individuality (tobecome, toremain, totasteимн. др.), then one can include rose redin the same group with becametired. Some researchers act this way classifying such kind of predicate as “verbal- nominative” one. If one comes from formal point of view, such kind of unification is rightful. Actually, in this and that case the predicate consists of a verb and a noun. However, pure formal principle of classification in analyzing the parts of the sentence is not acceptable, for in this case obvious and essential substantial differences are not considered (comp., for example: gaveablowand isabloware the same “verbal- nominal”, though on their content they are essentially different. There are some structural differences, connected with the difference of transformational potentials.

One should, evidently, differentiate verbal copulas, i.e. differentiate such verbs, which like copulas composite belonging of appropriate field of language system (tobe, tobecome, togrow, toseem, totasteиand so on), and others, non-copula verbs, which can be occasionally used as copulas in the speech. In other words, it is important to differentiate connectivity as an integral feature of the verb, forming its (verb)structural essence and connectivity as occasional functional feature of the verb. The following types of transformations allow to differentiate the first from the second Themoonrosered → Themoonwasredwhen/whileitrose, in which genuine copulas are not able to take part, comp.: Неgrew old → *He was old when he grew or The milk tastes sour → *The milk is sour when it tastes.

One can come to the conclusion that in the structure (Themoon) roseredthe predicate is not of elementary type which is typical to the verb and nominal predicate. Actually, this structure is the result of syntactic process of contamination.

As a result of the other syntactical process- complication- arise complicated verbal, nominal, and phraseological predicates.

Thus, putting character of the structure of plan of the content on the base, which is correlative with the structure of the plan of expression, we receive as more general classification of the predicates- their division into simple and complex predicates. Both simple and complex predicates depending on the way of expression, can be verbal, nominal, phraseological and verbal-nominal or contaminated:

According to the way of expressionAccording to the structureststructeПо структуре содержания	Verbal	Nominal	Phraseological	Verbal-nom-inal, conataminated
Simple	+	+	+	+
Complex	+	+	+	+

Combination of these features produces:
Simple verbal		Jack spoke. (W. Golding)
Simple nominal		'She is asleep.' (A. Bennett)
Simple phraseological		Mrs. Davidson gave a gasp, [...] (S. Maugham)
Simple contaminated		The screams were still rising иnabated from the swimming pool. (I. Murdoch)
Complex verbal	H His heart stopped beating. (J.Galsworthy)
Complex nominal	It He turned out to be Sam. (P. Abrahams)
Complex phraseological	II can give you a call as soon as I get home.
Complex contaminated	T Thus he would lie awake for a long time worrying about her mother.

In the table of possible combinations, if we take in general view, as it was done above, all the cells have been filled in. One shouldn’t however forget that this is only the scheme, which is illustrated with the examples of active –verbal complication.

3.1 Complication of predicate and types of complications

If we take the point of view that any combination of structures “infinite form of the verb, oriented to the subject as its subject of the action + preceding infinite form of the element fulfilling the function of mediation of the tie between the subject and such form ”, forms single part of the sentence (and the consistency in the principles of description of language phenomena requires this), then complex predicate can include a number of constructions, which are not often acknowledged as such.

Depending on morphological nature of complicating element one can distinguish three types of complication:

1. Active- verbal complication

2. Passive-verbal complication

3. Adjective complication

In the first two types the complicating element is verb, accordingly in the form of active and passive voice, and in the third type it is adjective (also participle, the word of category of state) with the copula verb. Semantic parallelism finds out structural difference of complication of three types comp.:

Неmayсоте.— Неis expected to come. —He is likely to come.

Traditional terminology of the name of copula is assigned to the verb tobeand the verbs of the type toseem, tolookan so on, which come forth as mediation link between the subject and the nominal part of the predicate, which expresses the feature. But the similar function is carried out by modal verbs as a part of complex predicate, setting connection between the subject and the feature (here it possesses the nature of action) expressed by infinite form.

Taking into account the differences in semantics of complicating element, one can distinguish several types of active- verbal complication (we shall call them according to the content of complicating element):

1. Modal characteristics of connection of action with the subject

The predicates of this type include modal verbs (can, may, mastand so on) or verb with modal meaning (for example, tobe, tohave) as complicating element plus infinitive:

'Неcanswimlikeafish.' (D. Lessing)- U huddi baliqqa o’hshab suzadi

'He must come back.¹ (D. C. Doyle)- U qaytib kelishi kerak

'It has to be right.' (H. E. Bates)- Bu narsa to’g’ri bo’lishi kerak.

2. Aspectual characteristics of action

Complicating element designates the stage of the development of action (the beginning, the continuation, the end), its regularity: to begin, to proceed, to quit, to keep on and so on:

She started to walk along the shingle.¹ (I. Murdoch)- U dengiz yoqalab yurishni boshladi.

'His heart stopped beating.' (J. Galsworthy)- Uning yuragi urishdan to’htadi.

3. Probability of action

The number of verbs with the meaning of probability, outward appearance of action is very limited (toseem, toappear). For example:

'He seemed to have lost all power of will ' (S. Maugham) U o’zidagi kuchni butunlay yo’qotganga uhshardi.

'They didn't appear to be тоving.' (I. Murdoch)- Ular harakat qilmaydiganga uhshardilar.

4. Expectancy of action

As a result of assigning the appropriate element of complicating the action, designated by the main semantic element of the predicate to the structure of the predicate, it is imagined as accidental, but normally not expected and that’s why unexpected or on the contrary as expected, as natural feature of the object. The complicating element is the verbs like to happen and to prove. For example:

But my memory happened to have tricked me.' (C. P. Snow)- Lekin mening hotiram menga pand berdi.

'It turned out to be Sam.’ (P. Abrahams)- U Sem bo’lib chiqdi.

5. Attitude of the subject to the action

Complicating elements of the predicate denote desire/ unwillingness, intention (to want, to wish, to intend and so on)

I dоn't wish to leave my mother.' (O. Wilde) Onamni tashlab ketishni istamayman.

I should hate to hurt him,' she said.' (I. Murdoch)- Men unga yomonlik qilishdan hazar qilaman.

For the hybrid, verbal-nominal, nature of the infinitive stipulates the possibility of its use, among other nominal functions, and in the function of the object, and the verbs like to want can be directly-transitive single-objective, the necessity to substantiate the given above interpretation of the word combinations like «towant/towish + infinitive» as a complex predicate but not as the combination of the verb-predicate with the object.

Consideration of towrite(in wanttowrite) as an object cannot be excluded as something wrong. Such kind of interpretation of the functions of the infinitive is principally possible. In scientific analyses of phenomena of the language different interpretations of one and the same phenomena are possible and even appropriate. Divergence of this kind is explained by the difference of initial theoretical reference, the fact of depicting the language in the context of different systems, possibility of different procedures of analyses and methods of depicting the phenomena. Diversity of approaches will allow to study and reflect its properties in scientific transformations fully and in details. “There is not and there will not be a single “correct” description of English language”, wrote G. Sledd. Possibility of various approaches makes unanimity of methods especially urgent within the frameworks of chosen system of description. Eclecticism of the methods and hence, the criteria gives distorted picture of the structure of the language as a result, in which existing in reality distribution of the phenomena in its systems is destroyed

Such kind of displacement of the phenomenon from the system, it belongs to by its nature, into the system,alien to it, is intrinsic to the interpretation of the word combinations like (I) want/wishtowriteas the combination verb-predicate with the object in those systems of describing grammatical structure of English language, in which the formations like (I) сапwriteand so on are considered as a predicate. Such kind of understanding is generally accepted and does not require any proof. Predicative status of canwriteis determined by the fact of correlation of action, expressed by the infinitive with the subject, by their subjective- process relations. This tie is set through the verb in infinite form.