English Predicate and its Translation Properties into Uzbek (стр. 3 из 6)
The role of the verb in infinite form is not added up to the expression of grammatical meanings and relations. Can and other complicating elements are also the bearers of corporeal meaning. This kind feature is typical to the verb to want. The difference between сапin (I) canwriteand wantin (I) wanttowritelies in the field of content and in the belonging of appropriate meanings to various semantic spheres. But syntactically the roles of these verbs are the same.
In the realization of the verb (I) wanttowriteand (I) wantabookthere are two different meanings, connected with the differences of syntactical encirclement. Orientation to the object is intrinsic to the verb want in (I) wanta book, having objective character, and verbal orientation of wantin (I) wanttowrite. This difference is clearly manifested, if to contrast the verb want (abook) to the other verb, semantically close to it.
Comp.:
'They burned to tell everybody, to describe, to — well — to boast their doll's house before the school bell rang.' (K. Mansfield).- Ular darsga qo’ng’iroq chalinishdan avval o’zlarining qo’g’irchoq uylari haqida hammaga to’g’rirog’ uni tasvirlab berishga sabrilari chidamsdi.
Itisunlikelythatsomeonewill maintain the fact of presence of, in this case (burntotell) the verb and the object. Wanttotellis different from burntotellonly lexically, in particular, by the degree of intensity of expressing feature. But syntactically, i.e. according to the character of interrelations of verbs and the character of their connections with the subject , wanttotelland burntotellare identical.
6. Reality of the action
A number of complicating elements deny (tofeign, topretend, tofail) or affirm (tomanage, tocontrive) the reality of the action, denoted by the infinitive that follows such verb: 'Andrewaffectedtoreadtheslip.' (A. J. Cronin) 'She managed to conceal her distress from Felicity.' (I. Murdoch)
7. The implementation of the action
Such verbs as to try, to attempt, to endeavour, and so on ('Неtried to formulate.' (W. Golding) 'Ihave sought, primarily, indeed to emphasise how much is involved in 'knowing' a language, [...]' (R. Quirk), have that general component of meaning, which can be marked as “the possibility of implementation of the action”. The reality of actions that they introduce can be positive and negative: Itriedtoformulatecan be equally applied to both the situation Iformulatedand to the situation Ididnotformulate. Here is the difference from the complicating elements, considered in (6) where each element allows only monosemantic interpretation and accordingly the transformation of the sentence: ‘I pretendedtofallover.' (W. Golding) → Idid not fall over, 'She managed to conceal her distress from Felicity.' (I. Murdoch) → She concealed her distress from Felicity.
8. Positional characteristics of the action.
Original type of complication is adding the verbs, denoting state or movement of the subject in the space to the predicate group (tosit, tostand, tolie, togo). The main element has the form of participle. For example:
'Timstoodfumblingforhiskeys.' (I. Murdoch) 'Adèlecamerunningupagain.' (C. Brontë) The first complicating element is weakened in its lexical meaning. Its well-known desemantization is especially vivid in the cases of displacement of the verbs in the group of predicate, which are normally incompatible. 'Oh-h! Just imagine being able to go walking and swiттing again.' (D. Cusack)
Complicated predicate of the considered type has a homonym in the structure of the language as the combination of the verb- predicate with the participle of present tense in the function of modifier of manner. The difference of the constructions is signaled by super-segment means, and especially by the type of joint between infinite form of the verb and participle, comp.: 'Shestoodtouchingherfaceanxiously.' (D. Lessing) and 'Mastood, lookingupanddown.' (K. Mansfield)
Another distinctive moment is incapability of the complicating element (due to weakening its lexical semantics) to be modified by adverbials. At the same time the presence of modifying words is normal for meaningful independent verb. Comp.: ‘I sat looking at the carpet.’ (I. Murdoch) иShe sat for some time in her bedroom, thinking hard. (I. Murdoch)
One can suppose that for the bearer of the language the second component in complex predicate is semantically central, i.e. in the sentence Неstoodfumblingforhiskeysthe main information is — Hefumbledforhiskeys, not Неstood.
Within the limits of single predicate the combination of several complicating elements is possible. Such kind of complication can be called as consistent one:
I shall have to begin to practice’ (K. Mansfield)
In away I had been hatched there, feathered there, and wanted dearly tо
gоon growing there.' (A. E. Coppard)
Ican't begin to accept that as a basis for a decision.' (C. P. Snow)
Detail study of combinatory of consistent active-verbal complication will allow to set undoubtedly existing structural regularity in this field. They are revealed particularly in a number of limitations of the combinability of complicating elements. Thus, due to the absence of infinite forms of modal verbs, they cannot be placed after any of the complicating element, they can only begin the line. In non-initial position the appropriate meanings can be transformed with the equivalents of the modal verbs: 'Weтighthavеtowait/ Isaid. (C. P. Snow) In other cases combinability is less real according to semantic motives for example: affecttochanceor *begintohappen (happenкакas a complicating element with the meaning of expectancy of the action). In forecasting semantically impossible constructions it is important to have maximal caution, taking into account the intuition of the bearer of the language, because regularity of the combinability of meanings in most cases ideo-ethnical; compare such constructions, as 'AtthatmomentIсоиldn'tseemtorememberthestory, [...]' (T. Capote) 'Poor Tom used to have to prescribe for my father.' (C. P. Snow) and so on. The number of complicating elements in consistent complication is usually limited to two. On the whole consistent complication has not been thoroughly studied yet.
Passive- verbal complication gives as a result the predicate of the structure Vpassen {toV | ingV}, where Vpass — the verb of passive –verbal complication, for example: Shewassupposedtowriteapaperonthesubject. Thebellwasheardtoring/ringing. The most important foundation for the interpretation of distinguished constructions as a single member of the sentence and mainly of the complex predicate is their structural and semantic correlation with the predicate of the active-verbal complication (comp.: No component of the theory is allowed to remain — No component of the theory may remain; Mr. Quiason is expected to arrive today — Mr. Qutason must/ may arrive today and so on), whose predicative status has never been disputed by anybody. As in the case of the predicate of active-verbal complication, infinite form of the predicates of passive-verbal complication denotes the action, done by the subject. Finite form grammatically carries out the function of expression of predicativity, and semantically it introduces modifying moment in the character of the connection between the action and its bearer. Most of passive- complicating elements of the predicate (issaid/ supposed/expectedand so on) can be characterized as the bearers of the meaning of weak modality, if to classify modality of modal verbs (comp. may, mustand so on) as strong one.
One can establish four main structural- semantic groups of passive –verbal complicators:
а) verbs denoting the processes of mental activity (to be supposed /believed/known and so on)
They are intended to be the day schools equivalent of the residential houses at boarding schools. (R. Pedley);
б) verbs, denoting communicative process (to be reported/said and so on) 'Repentence is said to be its cure, sir.' (C. Bronte);
в) verbs, denoting the processes of physical perception (to be heard/seen and so on): Distantly from the school the two fifteen bell was heard ringing. (I. Murdoch);
г) «provocative» verbs, i.e. verbs, denoting such actions, which have the action of the subject of the sentence as a consequence (to be forced / made / pressed and so on):
In order to explain these data, we have been forced to develop a number of theoretical concepts and new field procedures. (K. L. Pike)
Adjectives can also be complicating element with the combination of the verb to be or its equivalents. Such kind of complications is called adjective one.
There can be distinguished a number of varieties among the constructions of adjective- complication, which are different from each other by structural peculiarities and semantically:
1) predicate with complicating element, transforming modal evaluation of possibility or authenticity of the connection of the subject and the action. As an adjective element here is used such adjectives as sure, certain, likelyand so on: 'Everythingissuretobethere.' (E. M. Forster) Later they thought he was certain to die. (P. Abrahams) Т. Н.Huxley's invention, 'agnostic', is likely to be more e n d иri n g. (J. Moore)
he sentences with the predicate with the complicating element of the given type is characterized by the possibility of application of transformation of nominalization to them N be A to V → Nv be A (He was certain to come → His coming was certain), and also transformation N be A to V → It be A that N V (He was certain to come → It was certain that he would come).
2) The predicates with the complicating elements, denoting physical, psychological or other characteristics of the subject, which is put in the relation with the action, designated by the infinitive.
The circle of lexical units, used as a complicating element here is wider than that in the previous group. The difference in their semantics, correlating with the definite structural differences, can serve as a base for further articulation of the material:
а) Content part of the complicating element denotes capability, necessity, possibility (for the subject) to commit the action. These are the adjectives like able/unable, capable, free, welcome, bound:
Then she would be able to enjoy holiday in peace. (I. Murdoch)
'Thisflirtationisboundtoendprettysoon.' (I. Murdoch)
It is clearly seen the correlation with the group of modal characteristics of active-verbal complication.
b) Content element of complication names the psychic characteristics, expressing attitude of the subject to the action: glad, sorry, ashamedand many others:
Dr. Krollwillbehappytoshowyouthehospitalitselflater.' (D, Lessing)
She was eager to tell me. (C. P. Snow)
Моrwas relieved to be with him for a moment. (I. Murdoch)
The differences of morphological nature of content element of complicator (adjective and participle) determine the participation of the sentences with appropriate predicates in the series of equivalent transformations (1) and (2):
(1)N be A to V → to V make N A → It make N A to V He was happy to come. → To come made him happy. → It made him happy to come.
(2)N be Vl en to V2→ to V2 Vl N → It V1 N to V2 He was amazed to see that. → To see that amazed him. → It amazed him to see that.
c) Adjectives as a part of complication in the given group denotes an objective feature, typical to the subject in the relation with the action named by the infinitive. As a complicating element come forward such adjectives as quick, slow, fit, apt, ready:
Hewasquicktoseizeonthisunexpectedgestureoffriendliness [...] (H. E. Bates) [...]
Iwas slow to pick up the reference. (C. P. Snow)
You weren't fit to take it,' she said. (C. P. Snow)
The boundary between the groups b) and c) is not absolute and appropriate difference is not always manifested. For example, in the sentence But only now I was prepared to listen. (D. Lessing) preparedcan be considered both as a denoting position, taken by the subject in the relation to the action expressed by the infinitive and as objective feature of relation, existing between the subject and the action.
d) Content element of complication — adjective expressing (in subjective interpretation of the author of utterance) feature typical to the subject in the relation with the action that it does: stupid, wise, mad, cruel, right, wrong, goodand so on:
You are quite right never to read such nonsense.
He had been wrong to let the boy get away.
You have been cruel to me to go away.
Distinctive feature of the constructions that belong to this group is the possibility of the following transformational formations: NbeAtoV → toVbeApN → ItbeApNtoV. Hewasmadtocome. → To come was mad of him. → It was mad of him to come.
e) The structures, combined in this subgroup, outwardly coincide with those, which were considered above. But there is difference of semantic structure, which are clearly seen in transformational level of analyses, for example:
Lost dogs are dreadful to think about. (J. Galsworthy)
She was good to look at in a broad way. (P. Abrahams)
Implicit meaning is peculiar to the components of the construction(the subject and the infinitive) : for the first one — object, for the second one :— passiveness, that determine the peculiarities of transformational constructions which differ from depicted above:
Verbal and adjective complications can be combined:
Moiraseemednottobeabletomove. (D. Lessing)
The first words may be more difficult to memorise than later ones.
(K. L. Pike)
C H A P T E RII
The ways and problems of translating predicate from English into Uzbek.
1.2 The link-verbs in English and their translation into Uzbek and Russian
In shaping the predicate the differences of language systems become apparent stronger and multilaterally than in shaping the subject. This is stipulated by the capacity and importance of the given part of the sentence.[5] Actually, the predicate bears greater number of grammatical relations than the subject does.
The object itself, about which we are talking can reveal itself i.e. determine itself really only through actions and functions which are expressed by the predicate. The predicate connects the doer with the object and the modifiers of the action. That is why the predicate is factual center, which gravitates and gathers subgroups of all parts of the sentence.
This happens in any language. But it is vividly seen in English, where one cannot omit any main parts of the sentence. Here it is indicative to compare Uzbek and English composite nominal predicate.
Mening akam - muhandis. - My brother is an engineer.
The predicate can be expressed by two types of verbs: verbs denoting action, and the verbs denoting existence and objective reality. The use of the verbs of the first group as a predicate does not differ greatly form the appropriate Uzbek verbs of action, that’s why we shall not stop at the predicate, expressed by the verb of action. We shall consider the verbs of the second group, which includes tobe and tohave, in the meaning and use of which it is observed essential divergence in comparison with the appropriate Uzbek bo’moq and ega bo’lmoq.
1. Verb to be
English verb to be corresponds to Uzbek verb ‘bo’moq’. In its main meaning ‘bor bo’moq’ as it is well-known, verb ‘ bo’moq’ is used in the past and future tenses, but in present tense it is usually omitted. But in English it is obligatory to use the copula verb in the present tense too. Compare the senetences:
Men honada edim.- I was in the room.
Men honada bo’laman.- I’ll be in the room.
Men honada. – I am in the room.
Except the present tense (omitting copula verb in Uzbek and its obligatory presence in English – generally, it is formal circumstance, connected with the different structure of two languages), here the use and the meaning of ‘to be’ coincide with ‘bo’lmoq’ too. But the similarity exhausts here. Verb ‘to be’ is much richer in its potential semantic possibilities than Uzbek ‘bo’lmoq’. Thus, depending on the context, it can obtain the meaning ‘the state in the space’, for example:
The book is on the table- Kitob stolda yotibdi. -Книгалежитнастоле..
The table is in the middle of the room- Stol hona o’rtasida turibdi.- Столстоитпосредикомнаты.
The picture is on the wall- Sur’at devorda osilib turibdi.- Картинависитнастене.