Let’s look at some more important of its numerous meanings:
1. “bo’lmoq, qatnashmoq”
She’ll be here all the day- U bu yerda butun kun davomida bo’ladi.
Kitty was here for the holidays.- Kiti bu yerga ta’til payti kelgan edi.
John was at the meeting, too. – Jon ham majlisda qatnashdi.
2. ‘ sodir bo’lmoq, bor bo’lmoq’
It was only last year.- But faqat o’tgan yili sodir bo’lgan edi.
3. ‘teng bo’lmoq, tashkil etmoq’
Twice two is four.- Ikki kara ikki to’rtga teng.
4. ‘turadi (narxlar haqida)’
How much is the hat? – Bu shlyapa qancha turadi?
5. 'iborat bo’lmoq'
The trouble was we did not know her address.- Muammoshundaniboratedikibizuningmanzilgohinibilmagan edik.-Беда состояла в том, что мы не знали ее адреса.
In prefect forms to be acquires the meaning ‘tashrif buyurmoq, borib turmoq’
I hear you've been to Switzerland this summer. – Mening eshitishimcha sen Shvetsariyaga borib kelibsan. -Яслышал, выездиливШвейцариюлетом.
Has anyone been?- Kimdirkelganedimi?- Кто-нибудьзаходил?
I'vebeenforawalk. – Men sayr qilib kelgan edim-Япрогулялся.
The verb tobein definite word combinations can acquire other meanings too:
Mr Black and Mr White were at school together when they were boys.- Janob Blek va Janob Uaytlar bolaliklarida bitta maktabda o’qishgan.- Вдетствем-рБлэким-рУайтучилисьводнойшколе.
Are the boys in bed? –Bolalar uhlashayaptimi?-Мальчикиспят?
InEnglisha number of stable combinations with the verb to be were formed, which are translated into Uzbek and Russian as a rule by the combinations of the verbs of action. For example:
Не was ill at ease. – U uzini noqulay his qilardi.-Ончувствовалсебянеловко.
Are you in earnest? –Siz jiddiy gapirayapsizmi?-Выговоритесерьезно?
Yossarian was as bad at shooting skeet as he was at gambling. He could never win money gambling either. Even when he cheated he couldn't win, because the people he cheated against were always better at cheating too. –Iossaryan huddi qartalarda uynaganidek likopchalarni ham yomon nishonga olardi. U hech qachon yuta olmasdi, hattoki qalloblik qilgan taqdirda ham, chunki u aldashga uringan odamlar, qalloblik bo’yicha undan ustun edilar.- Иоссарьян так же плохо стрелял по тарелкам, как и играл в карты. Ему никогда не удавалось выиграть. Он не мог выиграть, даже когда мошенничал, потому что люди, которых он пытался обмануть, превосходили его и в мошенничестве.
In these last combinations to be loses its independent meaning keeping only the function of copula verb. This happens in all composite nominal predicates, expressed by the combination of the verb ‘to be+ noun/ adjective/ postposition’ and so on.
Let’s stop in our statement at some word combinations with the verb to be, omitting word combinations of to be with nouns like heisaturner, thetaskiseasy and so оn, which have been spoken enough about in the grammar of English language and which do not represent any difficulty for mastering, for they have little difference from the appropriate Uzbek and Russian word combinations. We shall pay attention to individual word combinations with to be, particularly characteristic to English language and that’s why they are of special interest for us. It is well-known, what meaning the postpositions possess in English. With the help of postpositions, which join a number of more often used English verbs, which enter the main vocabulary fund (todo, togo, tocome, tomake, toput, togive, totake and so on), the verbs with new meanings are formed. But when adding the postposition to the verbs of action the meaning of initial verb in the combination is either kept equally with the meaning of the added postposition, or the formed word combination acquires idiomatic meaning, and when adding the postposition to the verb to be the main semantic burden is carried by the postposition. For example:
Is Mr Brown in? – Janob Braun uydalarmi?-М-рБраундома?
No, he is out.- Yo’q u chiqib ketdilar- Нет, егонет. (Онвышел.)
Mr Brown is away at present. – Hozir Janob Braun safarda.- В настоящее время м-р Браун в отъезде.
I hear Mr Brown is back. – Eshitishimcha janob Braun qaytib kelganmish- Яслышал, м-рБраунвернулся.
I am through with my work. – Men ishimni tugatdim-Язакончилработу.
Many of these postpositions are polysemantic.
Thetrainisoff. – Poezd ketdi.-Поездушел.
The meeting was off. Majliso’tkazilmadi.-Собраниенесостоялось.
The lights were on. –Chiroqlar yoqildi.-Светбылвключен.
What is on at our cinema?- Kinoteatrda hozir nima ketyapti?- Чтоидетвнашемкинотеатре?
The children are not up yet. – Bolalar hali turishmadi.-Детиещеневстали.
The prices for foodstuffs were up. – Iste’mol mollari narhi ko’tarildi. -Ценынапродовольственныетоварыповысились.
Your time is up. –Sizga ajratilgan vaqt tugadi.-Вашевремяистекло.
Dictionary records a large number of stable word combinations with postpositions: tobeabouttodosmth.- -moqchi (rejalashtirilgan ish harakat)- собираться, намереватьсясделатьчто-л.;
tobeuptosmth.- boshlab qo’ymoq-замышлять, затеватьчто-л.;
tobeuptosmb. – bog’liq bo’lmoq-зависетьоткого-л.,.
tobefor (someplace) – yo’lga chiqmoq-отправляться, ехатькуда-лand so on.
One can notice how wider English to be is used than Uzbek ‘bo’lmoq’ and Russian ‘быть’. This is very evident in a number of cases where Englishmen prefer composite nominal predicate, which consists of copula verb ‘to be’ and an adjective or participle I or II which have the meaning of appropriate verb, to simple verbal predicate. For example:
Still she was hesitant. (instead was hesitating) –U hali ham ikkilanayotgan edi. -Онавсеещеколебалась.
Неfelt that everyone disapproved of Scarlett and was contemptuous of him. (instead contemptedhim) – U atrofdagilar Skarletni hush ko’rmasliklarini undan esa hazar qilishlarini his qilardi. -Ончувствовал, чтовсевокругнеодобряютСкарлеттипрезираютего.
These visits were disappointing. – Bu tashriflar uni hafsalasini pir qildi.-Этивизитыразочаровывали (ее).
Shewasshockedandunbelieving. –U dovdirab qoldi va bunga ishonmasdi.-Онабылапораженаиневерилаэтому.
Are you insulting, young man? – Siz, yigitcha, meni haqorat qilmoqchimiz?- Вычто, хотитеоскорбитьменя, молодойчеловек?
As it is clearly seen from the examples, the combination of the link- verb tobe with the adjective or participle I or II is equal to the appropriate verb (ikkilanmoq, hazar qilmoq and etc.), using which we translate the given word combination into Uzbek and Russian.
The usability of this form led to the origin in the speech of such stable word combinations with to be. For example:
I am serious. – Men jiddiy gapiryapman.-Яговорюсерьезно.
She was giddy. – Uning boshi aylandi.Унеезакружиласьголова.
Don'tbesoliteral. – Hammanarsaniaytilgandaytushinmang.-Heпонимайтевсебуквально.
Не washomesick. – Uuyiniqumsardi.-Он тосковал по дому.
The second, i.e. nominal element of the given type of predicate can be Participle II as well, for example:
She was amazingly well read. – U haddan tashqari ko’p o’qigan edi.- Онабылаисключительноначитана.
Moreover, fuzzy differentiation of transitive and intransitive verbs broadened the frameworks of using participles II as a part of the second element of the composite nominal predicate, so it has become possible to use in analogous function the participle II of intransitive verbs too, which is found in Uzbek and Russian:
Now, of course, all you gentlemen are well-travelled. – Albatta, janoblar hammalaringiz ko’p syohat qilgansizlar.-Конечно, всевы, джентльмены, многопутешествовали.
She is well-connected. – Uning yahshi tanishlari bor. - Унеепрекрасныесвязи.
Неwaswell-mounted. – Uningyahshiotiboredi. -Унегобылапрекраснаялошадь.
In spite of the fact that these are passive constructions according to their form, the subject does not designate the object of the action. On should make a slip in speaking that combinations «tobe + participle II» from intransitive verbs in the functions of composite nominal predicate are not frequent. Link- verb tobe in the combination with the adjective or the participle as a part of composite nominal predicate force out other link- verbs, which are more appropriate by meaning in this or that context: toget, toturn, togrow and so on, which transform dynamics of the action, transmission from one state into another, for example:
She was hot with sudden rage. - Un to’satdan jahli chiqib ketdi. - Еевнезапноохватилаярость.
Rhett's eyes were sharp with interest.- Ret ko’zlarida qiziqish uchqunlari chaqnab ketdi. - ВглазахРетавспыхнулинтерес.
He's lived here only since the year we were married. – U bu yerda faqat biz turmush qurganimizdan beri yashamoqda.Онживетздесьлишьстогогода, когдамыпоженились.
In some cases tobein theses combinations comes with the meaning of the verbs like tokeep, tofeeland so on:
Suddenly she was sorry for him. – U unga nisbatan achinishni his qildi.- Вдругонапочувствовалажалостькнему.
Shewassilentamoment.-U bir oz fursat jimlik saqladi.- Онапомолчаласминуту.
For a moment she was indignant that he should say other women were prettier, more clever and kind than she. –Bir fursatga u uning boshqa ayollar unga qaraganda go’zalroq, aqilliroq va mehribonroq degan so’zlaridan uzini noqulay sezdi.-Накакое-томгновениеонапочувствоваланегодованиеоттого, чтоонсказал, чтодругиеженщиныкрасивее, умнееидобрееее.
At last we have to stop at the combinations «tobe + noun- doer» (player, reader and etc.), formed from the appropriate verb. It transforms constant quality, intrinsic to this man. For example:
Неisagoodswimmer. – U yahshi suzadi.-Онхорошоплавает.
What a small eater you are!- Munchhamkameysan!- Как мало ты ешь!
Stable idiomatic expressions of this type were formed as well:
tobeapoorsailor – dengizda uzini yomon his qilmoq- плохопереноситькачкунаморе,
tobeapoorcorrespondent – yozishni yomon ko’rmoq-нелюбитьписатьписьма,
tobeastranger- biror joyga kamroq borib turmoq-редкобыватьгде-л.
2. The verb to have
The verb to have like to be is wider according to its meanings then Uzbek verb “ega bo’lmoq” and Russian “иметь”. Potential possibility of action is put in it like the verb to be.
Магуhas a pencil in her hand. (together with : Mary is holding a pencil in her hand.) Meri qo’lida qalam ushalb turibdi.-Мэридержитврукекарандаш.
The city has 100,000 inhabitants. -Shahar aholisi 100000 kishini tashkil qiladi.- Населениегородасоставляет 100 000 человек.
In such kind of sentences when the subject– acting person is available, the construction ‘thereis’ is also possible.
There is a pencil in her hand.
We haven't any coffee in the house. = There isn't any coffee in the house.
However the verb tohavecanbeusednotonlywiththesubject, expressedbythenoun, denotingperson (the meaning of the verb itself – possession- presupposes it), but it can be used in relation to the objects too. In such cases its meaning is identical to the meaning of the construction of ‘there is’, and they are interchangeable. For example:
Some houses had quite wide grass round them. = There was quite wide grass round some houses.
Jack's eager conspirator voice seemed very close to his ear, and it had a kind of caress, a sort of embrace. = ...there was a kind of caress, a sort of embrace in Jack's voice.
To have, analogous with the verb tobe, though more seldom, is used as a link-verb in composite predicate. This can be seen in such word combinations with nouns as какtohavedinner- tushlik qilmoq-обедать, tohaveatalk –gaplashmoq-поговорить, tohaveaquarrel- urishib qolmoq-поссориться, tohavearest- dam olmoq-отдыхать, tohaveawalk –sayr qilmoq-прогуляться, tohaveasmoke – chekmoq-покурить, tohaveagoodtime- vaqtni yahshi o’tkazmoqхорошопровестивремя and etc. The verb tohave loses its main meaning and serves as only indication for using something only once, committing any limited action.
If one looks carefully at these cases of using the verbs to be and to have and takes into account their active presence in English, then he cannot leave it unnoticed the manifestation of systematic peculiarities of English language. Actually, Englishman can say torest, but he nevertheless prefers complicated form — tohavearest. The main point is that, in any verb, expressing concrete action and reflecting definite qualitative side of the action or state the quantitative side, the very fact of this action is included. Analytical tendency of English generate the aspiration to separate formal expression of general and concrete, qualitative and quantitative side of these actions. And then, naturally the composite predicate with the verb to have and nominal expression of quality (adjective, participle, noun) replaces the concrete verb.
A number of stable word combinations with the verb to have were formed which are translated into Uzbek and Russian with the help of action verbs in English. For example:
She has a perfect command of English. UIngliztilinimukammalegalagan.-Онапрекрасновладеетанглийскимязыком.
I wish you to have a good time. Sizga vaqtingizni yahshi o’tkazishingizni tilayman. -Желаювамхорошопровестивремя (повеселиться).
In conclusion we should state that astheverbtobewithadjectives, participles, ornounsacquiresthemeaningoftheappropriateverb, so the verb to have in the combination with the noun is often used instead of simple verbal predicate, expressed by the action verb. For example:
But if they were under the impression that they would get any information out of him he had a notion that they were mistaken.- Но если им казалось, что им удастся выудить из него какие-то сведения, то он считал, что они ошибаются.
Неhad a longing to smoke. – Uni juda ham chekkisi kelyapti.-Емустрашнохотелоськурить.
But this kind of word combinations is less frequent than with the verb to be.
2.2 Transitivity of verbs in English and the problems of translating them into Uzbek and Russian language
It is significant to note that there is an inner division both in action verbs and the verbs of existence, the division which is stipulated by, as it is called in grammar, the transitivity and intransitivity
Actually, this can be seen between the verbs to be and to have. The first one does not transfer the action to another object, but as if it encloses the action with the subject; the second one must be followed by the object. In all languages- both in analytical and synthetic languages- the meaning of transitivity and intransitivity of the verbs is established as a semantic connection and it goes back to the history of that language. But systematic peculiarities of the languages even to some extent are reflected in their formal possibilities of expressing this meaning. Thus, for example in Russian the fixing up of this or that semantic nuance, semantic direction of the verb is obtained with the help of prefixes and suffixes. Here we can note the formation of intransitive verbs from the transitive verbs with the help of ending -ся: начинать — начинаться, открывать — открываться and etc. In Uzbek language also verbs can be added the endings in order to change their voice and tense. In English (analytical) prefixes and suffixes do not carry out grammatical function on the modern stage; if they are available in the word then they are kept as historically formed parts of it. One can acknowledge the fixed prepositions of the verbs as the outer formal indication of intransitivity (tolistento, for example).