ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
НОВГОРОДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Реферат по дисциплине «Английский язык»
Pipeline transport of Russia. Transneft.ТрубопроводныйтранспортРоссии. Транснефть.
Проверила:
Лебедева Е.А.
· Великий Новгород
· 2007 г.
1. Введение.…………………………………………………………………….…2
2. Pipeline transport of Russia. Transneft…………………………………….……3
2.1 History of pipeline transport of Russia…………………………………….…..3
2.2 Provision of environmental safety of the Baltic Pipeline System……………..8
3. Трубопроводный транспорт России. Транснефть………………………….11
3.1 История трубопроводного транспорта России……………………………11
3.2 Обеспечение экологической безопасности Балтийской трубопроводной системы…………………………………………………………………………..17
4. Заключение……………………………………………………………………22
5. Glossary………………………………………………………………………..23
6. Библиографический список……………………………………………….…24
Введение
Магистральный трубопроводный транспорт – важнейшая и неотъемлемая составляющая топливно-энергетического комплекса России. В стране создана разветвленная сеть магистральных газо-, нефте- и продуктопроводов, которые проходят по территории практически всех субъектов Федерации.
Системы трубопроводного транспорта – это тот рычаг, который позволяет государству регулировать поставки нефтепродуктов на внутренний и внешний рынки. Экспорт газа, нефти и нефтепродуктов в основном осуществляется трубопроводным транспортом, в том числе через морские терминалы. Морские терминалы в Новороссийске и Туапсе могут обеспечить вывоз сырой нефти в объеме 45 млн тонн в год. Степенью надежности трубопроводов во многом определяется стабильность обеспечения регионов России важнейшими топливно-энергетическими ресурсами. Российские трубопроводные системы наиболее активно развивались в 60-80-е годы. В настоящее время 35 % трубопроводов эксплуатируется более 20 лет, что требует повышенного внимания к их эксплуатационной надежности и технической безопасности
.
History of pipeline transport of Russia
After the war, the intensive growth of oil production in the Volga and Urals region and in the new regions demanded the soonest development of transport communications. Already in the fourth five-year-plan period, new oil pipelines were built. One of them became the Tujmazy – Ufa (Naryshevo) – Ufa cracking plant. The decision on the start of construction was adopted by the former USSR Council of People’s Commissars on January 7, 1946. The Tsentr-Spetsprojekt Institute designed in 1946 a 350 mm in diameter and 182.8 km long pipeline with a throughput capacity 2 million tons a year and a growth option of up to 3 million tons. The construction was entrusted to the Central Department of the USSR People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs, which was later reorganized into Glavneftegazstroj (Central Committee for Oil and Gas Construction) of the USSR Council of Ministers.
Preparation of the pipeline route was started on April 10, 1946 near the Subkhankulovo village. Construction works were implemented by the Vostoknefteprovodstroj Trust, assemblage works – by the Construction-Assemblage Department No. 74 of the Glavneftegazstroj Trust No. 7, in-water crossings – by the Wet Excavations Department (EPRON).
This construction was vitally important at that period and employed over 20 thousand people. In two summer months of 1946 they succeeded in digging a 137 km long trench, which was ¾ of the route total length. Nearly all linear parts of the pipeline were built by hand: ground works, welding of pipes, laying of the anticorrosive bitumen-based coating. The pipes were laid down by cranes and tripods, but more often were slid down to the trench bottom by means of wooden heavers (levers). Simultaneously with that, the oil pump stations and houses were built in the Naryshevo and Subkhankulovo villages. The first foundation pit was dug on July 6, 1946, near the Subkhankulovo village and on August 23, 1946, the foundations of the diesel pump station and a housing block were laid down.
Some of the areas began to be filled with water and compacted in May 1947, and the pipeline molding was completed in August with the start of operations of the Naryshevo station equipped with NG-30/320 piston pumps and with 260 kW motor drives. In the molding process, 44 pipeline breakings were discovered, which was explained by low-quality pipes supplied by the Chelyabinsk pipe-rolling plant. By pumping oil into the pipeline, they gradually forced out the water pressure. The first batch of the Tujmazy Devonian oil arrived at the Ufa cracking plant on September 3, 1947, which marked the start date of its regular supplies. This day is considered a birthday of the system of the Ural-Siberian oil and oil products trunk pipelines. In 1949, the 300 mm diameter and 133 km long Tujmazy-Buguruslan pipeline was laid down. Other shorter pipelines were also built: Assake-Vakovsky, Majli-Assake, Kumdag-Vyshka in Middle Asia; Vojvozh-Ukhta in the North and in the Saratov and Kujbyshev regions. The Turmen oil outputs were steadily rising, and the railroad could not cope with them. It was needed to prolong the Kumdag-Vyshka oil pipeline to Krasnovodsk, and in 1947-1949 a nearly 180 km long Vyshka-Krasnovodsk pipeline was built.
In early ’50s, oil production in the Romashkinsky field surpassed expectations of the prospectors. The oil-field workers hardly had any time to construct field facilities, stock oil tanks and oil-gathering stations, and to lay down field pipeline communications. The oil flow literally overfilled the area between the Sheshma and Stepnoj Zaj rivers. The available pipelines could hardly pump oil, which had put to the surface the question of construction of branches of the Almetjevsk-Karabash, Karabash-Romashkino, Karabash-Bavly and Romashkino-Shugury- Klyavlino pipelines. Besides, it was decided to lay down and additional Almetjevsk-Minnibajevo-Romashkino pipeline with an intermediary oil-pumping station in Minnibajevo. However, the temporary oil transfer scheme “field - pipeline - railroad (or river) – consumer” already could not solve all the problems. The burgeoning oil volumes could not be transferred by the railroad or river transport.
The very principle of oil transfer required radical changes: to start construction of trunk pipelines which were capable of linking the fields with the oil consumers – refineries or petrochemical combines. By the order of the USSR Oil Minister, the Directorate of Trunk Pipelines to be built in Tataria territory was launched in March 1953 in Bugulma. It was supervised by the Central Commodity-Transport Department of the Oil Ministry, which allowed to drastically accelerate the construction tempos of the new subsoil pipelines.
In 1946-50, the foundation was laid for launching of the USSR pipeline system, which was capable of connecting the basic oil production and refine stations with the basic consumption areas. By 1950, the total length of the oil pipelines was around 5,400 km, and by late 1955, it nearly doubled and was over 10,000 km. In five years, the number of commissioned pipelines became equal with the number of pipelines built in the 1878-1950 period. In the fifth five-year-plan period, the largest Tujmazy – Omsk, 530 mm, 1,332 km long pipeline (this diameter pipes were used for the first time) and the Ufa-Omsk oil products pipeline, 350 mm, 1,180 km long, were built.
In accordance with the USSR Council of Ministers Resolution of May 25, 1949, and the Order of the Oil Minister of May 31, 1949, the All-Union Tsentrspetsstrojprojekt Trust had developed a project for construction of the second Tujmazy-Ufa oil pipeline. Construction of the oil pipeline was implemented in several phases. It was planned to prolong the 350 mm pipeline and to raise the two pipelines throughput capacity up to 4 million tons, then to build an intermediary oil pumping station in Yazykovo, and having boosted the pipeline throughput capacity up to 5 million tons and used the intermediary station for the two pipelines, to reach a throughput capacity of 6 million tons a year.
The General Contractor for construction of the second Tujmazy-Ufa oil pipeline was the Vostoknefteprovodstroj Trust. Construction and assemblage works were mechanized: ground works were made by excavators and bulldozers, welding – by pressure-gas machines; the pipes were mechanically cleaned from rust and dirt, the anticorrosive insulation was applied by the insulation machines. The second pipeline was laid down in the trench of the first, which allowed to commission the pipeline by separate segments which played the roles of the first pipeline loopings.
The Tujmazy - Ufa-2 pipeline was commissioned in late September 1950.
In the first phase, pumping along the Tujmazy – Ufa pipeline was made by the Subkhankulovo diesel pump station. In 1951, the electric pump station equipped with three AYAP-150 pumps were commissioned. A full throughput capacity was reached after the commissioning in 1954 of the pump station in the Yazykovo intermediary station equipped with four NT-45 pistol pumps powered by the Scoda 6S-350 diesel motor drives.
The Resolutions of the USSR Council of Ministers of June 30, 1947 and February 25, 1948 allowed the construction of the Ufa-Omsk 350 mm oil products trunk pipeline.
In 1949, a Department for construction of a gasoline line was launched at the Central Department for Oil Marketing of the USSR Oil Ministry. Construction of the products pipeline was implemented by Vostoknefteprovodstroj, Nefteprovodmontazh (Ufa) and Benzinoprovodstroj (Chelyabinsk). The Ufa – Chelyabinsk segment was constructed basically by hand, as that period construction equipment was not adapted for mining works.
In August 1951, a temporary pump station in Ufa, a segment of the products pipeline from Ufa to Berdjaush (Chelyabinsk region) and the Berdjaush filling station with a platform for simultaneous filling up of eight tetra-axial RVS-2000 tanks and a pump-filling station with two 5NDV pumps were commissioned, accompanied in December 1951 by construction of a head station in Ufa with a pump station equipped with 8МB9х2 pumping units and ЗV200х2 support stations with a goods park of 14 RVS-4600 tankers made of unkilled steel. At the same time, the Berdjaush – Sineglazovo segment and the Sineglazovo station with a filling platform, pump station and three 8NDV and 12 RVS-4600 units made of unkilled steel were commissioned. The product pipeline segment till Petropavlovsk was put into operation in 1953 together with an intermediary Kropachevo station and a filling Petropavlovsk station with a gallery-type platform, a pump station with two 8NDV units and a 6 tanker RVS-3200 and RVS-2000 park.
Construction of the linear part of the products pipeline (1176 km) was totally completed in 1954.
The intermediary Petropavlovsk pump station equipped with five NТ-45 pumps with the Scoda 65-350 diesel motor drives were commissioned in 1956. This pipeline throughput capacity reached its planned value of 2 million tons. By decision of the USSR Government, it was planned to boost this pipeline throughput capacity up to 3.9 million tons a year in the Ufa – Chelyabinsk segment and up to 3.5 million in the Chelybinsk – Omsk segment. To achieve this, pump stations were built: in 1957 – Asha and Travniki; in 1959 – Khokhly and Suslove; in 1960 - Isil-Kul. Commissioning of these stations marked a round-up of the total projected construction complex of the first Ufa – Omsk products pipeline. In late ’40s - early ’50s several oil fields of the Tujmazy and Ishimbaj type were prospected and partially explored.
This was followed by a decision on construction of the Tujmazy – Omsk oil pipeline, its project was endorsed by the USR Council of Ministers Resolution of March 28, 1951. The route went parallelly to the first Tujmazy – Ufa pipeline and the Ufa –Omsk products pipeline. Construction of an oil pipeline was commenced in February 1952. In winter period, only welding of pipes at the stationary plants was performed, and in May ground and insulation works had a good start.
On December 30, 1952, the Naryshevo – Subkhankulovo (127 km) and an experimental pump station at Node No. 1 of the head constructions in Subkhankulovo were put into operation, and the newly manufactured 8ND10х5 pumps were tried. The segment was looped to the first and second Tujmazy – Ufa oil pipelines.
In November 1954, the commission accepted a segment of the Tujmazy – Omsk pipeline (127 - 261 km), the Cherkassy oil pump station and a 350 mm dam form the head (Ufa) oil products pump station to the Cherkassy oil pump station.
In the same period, small length pipelines were built: Shkapovo - Ishimbaj, Almetjevsk - Kujbyshev, Bavly - Kujbyshev, Karabash - Bavly, Kujbyshev - Saratov, Vyshka - Krasnovodsk (second line), Pokrovsky - Syzran, Minnibajevo - Bavly, Romashkino - Klyavlino, Buguruslan - Kujbyshev, Ozek - Suat – Grozny, etc. The 144 km long Ozek - Suat – Grozny pipeline was commissioned in 1955. This was the first Soviet “hot” pipeline for pumping of high-viscosity heated oil.
As of January 1, 1957 (40th anniversary of the Great October Revolution), 11,500 km of trunk pipelines with 101 pump stations were operated.
Year 1957 saw the start of construction of the Trans-Siberian 720 mm, 3,662 km long Tujmazy – Irkutsk oil pipeline. The pipeline was constructed in two phases: Tujmazy - Omsk (1332 km); Omsk - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk (1639 km).
The first two segments of this pipeline were commissioned in 1959. In the same year, construction works on the second 530 mm, 1083 km long Ufa – Omsk oil pipeline were completed. In 1956, the 530 mm, 110 km long Almetjevsk – Aznakajevo – Subkhankulovo oil pipeline was constructed. It brought the Almetjevsk oil to Subhankulovo and further on to the Tujmazy – Omsk – Novosibirsk trunk pipeline. Before the end of construction of the 530 mm, 579 km long Almetjevsk – Gorky pipeline, oil was pumped along the first segment up to Chistopolsky quay on the Kama river. Then it was loaded on the tankers and delivered to the Gorky and Yaroslavl refineries. When the pipeline was commissioned, water shipments had been noticeably reduced.
In the sixth five-year-plan period, the 350 mm, 446 km long Almetjevsk – Perm and not very long Mukhanovo – Kujbyshev, Serny Vody - Krotovka, Chekmagush - Ufa (later part of the Ufa Kambarka product pipeline), Kaltasy -Ufa, Almetjevsk - Subkhankulovo - Orsk, Zhirnoje - Volgograd, Krotovka - Kujbyshev, Shkapovo - Subkhankulovo, Cheleken - Belek, Belek – Krasnovodsk pipelines were constructed.
In the sixth five-year-plan period the already known Astrakhan – Urbakh – Saratov product pipeline received a new life. It became an oil pipeline and changed its pumping orientation. The development of oil refine industry in the eastern region has removed the demand in the oil product supplies to these regions, and the pipeline load went down to 30 %. Upon commissioning of the Kujbyshev – Saratov pipeline, a 49 km long branch was built to connect it with the Urbakh pump station, which transferred oil to the southern plants. This pipeline further exploitation had demonstrated its high reliability and allowed to unload the railroad transport. The 65 km long Urbakh – Saratov segment was now used for pumping of the Stepanovsky field oil.