George, on hearing the story, grinned. (Galsworthy)
Джордж, услышав эту историю, усмехнулся.
The four girls, hearing him speak in the hall, rushed out of the library. (Eliot)
Все четыре девочки, услышав, что он говорит в передней, выбежали из библиотеки.
After reaching the second landing ... I heard a sound of quiet and regular breathing on my left-hand side. (Collins)
Дойдя до второй площадки лестницы, ... я услышал с левой стороны спокойное и ровное дыхание.
Reaching the door of the room occupied by Cowperwood and Aileen, she tapped lightly. (Dreiser)
Дойдя до двери комнаты, которую занимали Каупсрвуд и Эйлин, она тихонько постучала.
(b) As an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used with the prepositions by or in.
She startled her father by bursting into tears. (Gaskell)
Она напугала своего отца тем, что расплакалась.
The day was spent in packing. (DaMaurier)
День прошел за упаковкой вещей.
(c) As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the gerund is preceded by the preposition without.
She was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque without knowing it. (Dreiser)
Это была женщина не блестящая, не энергичная, но она была очень спокойна и величественна, сама того не зная.
(d) As an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used with the preposition for.
... one side of the gallery was used for dancing. (Eliot)
... одна сторона галереи использовалась для танцев.
(e) As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded by the preposition without.
He has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited. (Shaw)
Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если его не приглашают.
(f) As an adverbial modifier of cause the gerund is used with the prepositions for, for fear of, owing to.
I feel the better myself for having spent a good deal of my time abroad. (Eliot)
Я чувствую себя лучше оттого, что долго прожил за границей.
I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself. (Coppard)
Я не смел присутствовать на похоронах, так как боялся поставить себя в глупое положение.
(g) As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is preceded by the preposition in spite of.
In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her.
The above examples show that the gerund preceded by one and the same preposition may be used in different functions: with the preposition without, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances and of condition; with the preposition in, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of time and of manner; with the preposition for, it may perform the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose or of cause.
The Russian не + деепрнчастие may correspond to the English without + Gerund or not + Participle. It usually corresponds to not + Participle if it is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of cause.
He зная адреса мисс Бетси, Давид не мог ей написать.
Not knowing Miss Betsey's address, David could not write to her. (cause)
If не + деепричастие is used in the function of adverbial modifiers of attendant circumstances and of condition, it generally corresponds to without + Gerund.
Давид уехал из Лондона, никому ничего не сказав.
David left London without telling anybody about it. (attendantcircumstances)
Мальчики не могли уходить из Салем-Хауса, не спросив разрешения.
The boys could not leave Salem House without asking for permission. (condition)
2.3.2 Constructions with the Gerund
Predicative constructions with the gerund.
Like all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions, i.e. constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or pronoun.
I don't like your going off without any money. (Maltz)
Мне не нравится, что вы уходите без денег.
Here the gerund going off is in predicate relation to the pronoun your, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.
The nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different ways.
1. If it denotes a living being it may be expressed:
(a) by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun.
His further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard's coming back to us in an excited state. (Dickens)
Его дальнейшие размышления были прерваны тем, что вернулся Ричард в чрезвычайно возбужденном состоянии.
Do you mind my smoking? (Hardy)
Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я курил?
(b) by a noun in the common case.
I have a distinct recollection of Lady Chiltern always getting the good conduct prize! (Wilde)
Я отлично помню, что леди Чильтерн всегда получала награды за примерное поведение.
Thus in Modern English there are two parallel constructions of the type: Fancy David's courting Emily and Fancy David courting Emily. These two constructions may be used indifferently, but sometimes there is a slight difference in meaning: in the first example the action (the verbal element of the construction) is emphasized, whereas in the second the doer of the action (the nominal element of the construction) is emphasized.[25]
Occasionally examples are found where the nominal element of the construction is expressed by a pronoun in the objective case.
I hope you will forgive me disturbing you. (DuMaurier)
Надеюсь, вы простите меня за то, что я вас побеспокоил.
There are cases when the nominal element of the construction, though denoting a living being, cannot be expressed by a noun in the possessive case, but only by a noun in the common case, namely when it consists of two or more nouns or when it is a noun modified by an attribute in post-position.
I object to Mary and Jane going out on such a windy day. He felt no uneasiness now in the thought of the brother and) sister being alone together. (Eliot)
Его теперь не смущала мысль о том, что брат и сестра остались вдвоем.
Did you ever hear of a man of sense rejecting such an offer?
Слышали ли вы когда-нибудь, чтобы разумный человек отказался от такого предложения?
2. If the nominal element of the construction denotes a lifeless thing, it is expressed by a noun in the common case (such nouns, as a rule, are not used in the genitive case) or by a possessive pronoun.
I said something about my clock being slow. (DuMaurier)
Я сказала, что мои часы отстают.
Peggotty spoke of my room, and of its being ready for me. (Dickens)
Пеготти говорила о моей комнате и о том, что она уже приготовлена для меня.
3. The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as all, this, that, both, each, something.
I insist on both of them coming in time.
Я требую, чтобы они оба пришли вовремя.
Again Michael... was conscious of something deep and private stirring within himself. (Galsworthy)
Майкл опять почувствовал, что в его душе шевельнулось что-то глубокое и затаенное.
Some grammarians recognize the existence of two separate constructions: the gerundial construction (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun) and a construction with a half gerund (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a noun in the common case, a pronoun in the objective ease, or a pronoun which has no case distinctions).
A gerundial construction is nearly always rendered in Russian by a subordinate clause, generally introduced by то, что; тем, что; как, etc.
His being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough. (Aldington)
To, что он был иностранец, бывший неприятель, было уже плохо.
Her thoughts were interrupted at last, by the door opening gently. (Reade)
Ее мысли были наконец прерваны тем, что дверь тихонько открылась.
The use of the gerund.
In Modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with the infinitive.
In the following cases- only the gerund is used:
1. With the verbs and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to fancy (in imperative sentences as an exclamation of surprise), to finish, to forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep (on), to leave off, to mind (in negative and interrogative sentences), to postpone, to put off, cannot help, and some others.
He avoided looking at Sabina. (Wilson)
Он избегал смотреть на Сабину.
…she burst out crying. (Collins)
Онарасплакалась.
We all burst out laughing. (Braine)
Мывсерассмеялись.
She denied having been at the station that evening. (Gaskell)
Она отрицала, что была в тот вечер на станции.
... he enjoyed thinking of her as his future wife. (Eliot)
... ему доставляло удовольствие думать о ней как о своей будущей жене.
Excuse my leaving you in the dark a moment. (Dickens)
Извините, что я па минуту оставлю вас в темноте.
Fancy finding you here at such аи hour! (Hardy)
Я даже и представить себе не мог, что застану вас здесь в такое время!
Forgive my speaking plainly. (Hardy)
Простите, что я говорю так прямо.
2. With the following verbs and verbal phrases used with a preposition: to accuse of, to agree to, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to insist on, to look -like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, to think of, to give- up the idea of, to look forward to, not to like the idea of, to miss an (the) opportunity of and some others.
They accuse me of having dealt with the Germans. (Heym)
Меня обвиняют в том, что я имел дело с немцами.
It was clear now... that Abraham never had agreed to their being married to-day. (Stone)
Теперь было ясно, что Авраам никогда не соглашался на то, чтобы они поженились сегодня.
You did not approve of my playing at roulette. (Eliot)
Вы не одобряли того, что я играла в рулетку.
All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me. (Eliot)
Все счастье моей жизни зависит от того, полюбите ли вы меня.
I don't feel like going out. (Wilson)
Мне не хочется выходить,
3. With the following predicative word-groups (with or without a preposition): to be aware of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of, to be indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at, 1 to be proud of, to be sure of, to be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth (while), and some others.
Sir Pitt Crawley was not aware of Becky's having married Rawdon.
Сэр Питт Кроули не знал, что Бекки вышла замуж за Родона.
I felt physically incapable of remaining still in any one place and morally incapable of speaking to any one human being. (Collins)
Я чувствовал, что я физически не в состоянии оставаться на одном месте и морально не к состоянии говорить с кем бы то ни было.
1 am very fond of being looked at. (Wilde)
Я очень люблю, когда на меня смотрят.
You are really guilty of having connived with a German officer to help his escape. (Heym)
Вы действительно виновны в том, что способствовали побегу немецкого офицераю
The gerund and the infinitive.
With a number of verbs and word-groups both the gerund and the infinitive may be used. The most important of them are: to be afraid, to begin, to cease, to continue, can (cannot) afford, to dread, to fear, to forget, to hate, to intend, to like (dislike), to neglect, to prefer, to propose, to remember, to recollect, to start, to stop.
The young man began turning over the pages of a book. (Priestley)
At length she began to speak softly. (Eliot)
She continued standing near the piano. (Eliot)
She continued to look at him... (Dickens)
It is sometimes possible to find a reason for the use of a given form. With some verbs and word-groups, such as to be afraid, to forget, to hate, to like (dislike), to prefer the infinitive is mostly used with reference to a special occasion, the gerund being more appropriate to a general statement.
The child was not afraid of remaining alone, but he was afraid to remain alone on such a stormy night.
Ребенок (вообще) не боялся оставаться один, но он боялся остаться один в такую бурную ночь.
I was always afraid of losing his goodwill. (Liewellyn)
Я всегда боялся потерять его расположение.
Gwendolen answered rather pettishly-, and her mamma was afraid to say more. (Eliot)
Гвендолен ответила несколько раздраженно, и ее мать побоялась продолжать разговор.
Don't forget shutting the windows when you leave home.
He забывайте закрывать окна, уходя из дому.
Don't forget to shut the window when you leave home, it is very windy to-day.
He забудьте закрыть окно, когда будете уходить из дому; сегодня очень ветрено.
I don't like interrupting people.
Я не люблю отрывать людей от дела.
I don't like to interrupt him, he seems very busy.
Мне не хочется мешать ему, он, кажется, очень занят.
With the verb to remember the infinitive usually refers to the future, and the gerund to the past.[26]
I remember seeing the book in many bookshops.
Я помню, что видел эту книгу во многих магазинах.
Remember to buy the book.
He забудьте купить эту книгу.
With the verb to stop the infinitive and the gerund have different syntactical functions.
The gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.
They stopped talking when he came in. (Galsworthy)
Когда он вошел, они перестали говорить.
The infinitive has the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose.
She stopped to exchange a few words with a neighbour. (Dickens)
Она остановилась, чтобы поболтать с соседкой.
2.2.7 Control exercises on verbals using
Test 1
a) Write down the ing-form (Gerund) of the following verbs.
1. spell - ____________________________________
2. discover - _________________________________
3. copy - ____________________________________
4. chase - ___________________________________
5. hug - _____________________________________
b) Complete the sentences using infinitive constructions.
1. My father taught me (dance / how)
2. We haven't decided yet (put / the bed / where)
3. She was explaining (use / the gadget / how)
4. I forgot to ask (pick him up / where)
5. I wondered (address / him / whether) or not.
c) Fill in the gerund as the subject of the sentence.