47. Smith Q. Language and Time. – Oxford University Press, 1993. – Pp. 74 – 89
48. Stalnaker R. Vague Identity. – Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988. - 220 p.
49. Stubbs, M. Discourse analysis: The Sociolinguistic Analysis of Natural Language - Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1983 – Pp. 38 – 112.
50. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartvik, J. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language – London, Longman, 1985 – 890 p.
51. www.ling.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/topics.
52. www.phon.ucl.ac.
53. www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/home.htm.
54. www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/
55. http://www.bookrags.com/
56. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
57. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
58. http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/
59. Illustrative material J.Galsworthy “ Forsyte Saga ”
Glossary of Linguistic Terms
Adjective – is a word expressing a quality of a substance.
Adverb – is a part of speech which expresses some circumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality.
Article – is a structural part of speech used with nouns.
Aspect - is a grammatical category that reflects the way in which the action of a verb is viewed with respect on time.
Auxiliary verbs – verbs that have little or no lexical meaning. verbs, they help to form complex verb forms.
Cleft test - taking the original sentence, and putting it into the frame like: It is/was/will be ____ that/who ____, without changing it in any way except for taking one part of it out and putting it in the first slot, and putting the rest of the sentence in the second slot.
Constituent structure - the hierarchical organization of the units into a sentence.
Finite forms - lexical verbs that do not need an auxiliary verb in order to function in main clauses.
Intransitive verb - occurs with both indirect and direct objects.
Modal verbs express the attitude of the speaker to the reality, possibility or probability of the action he speaks about.
Morphology - the study of the formation of words and how they may change their form.
Movement test – a specific case of movement and the formation of a passive sentence.
Nonfinite forms – verbs that do not express person, number or mood and cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.
Noun – is a word expressing substance in the widest sense of the word.
Noun phrase - the constituent composed of a noun and an article.
Object – is a secondary part of the sentence which completes or restricts the meaning of the verb or sometimes an adjective, a word denoting state, or a noun.
Predicate – is the second principal part of the sentence which expresses an action, state, or quality of the person or thing, denoted by the subject.
Preposition – is a part of speech which denotes the relations between the objects and phenomena.
Pronoun – is a part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them.
Relational structure – kind of syntax investigating grammatical relations like subject and direct object; encompassing relationships like modifier–modified possessor–possessed .
Sentence – is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought.
Subject – is the principal part of two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent, i.e. in most case sit agrees with the subject in number and person.
Substitution test - substitution of a set of words with a single other word, without changing the overall meaning, in order to check if the words form a phrase.
Syntax - the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which words, with or without appropriate inflections, are arranged to show connections of meaning within the sentence
Transitive verb - occurs with an object in subject-predicator-object structures
Verb – is a part of speech which denotes an action.
Verb phrase - that part of the predicate constituent that does not contain optional adverbials.