Английский язык для экономических специальностей (English for economists) (стр. 5 из 12)
Before the Norman Conquest of the 11th century, the chief unit of local government in England was the shire, which had originated in the Saxon communities of the 5th century. Each shire was ruled by an ealdorman (alderman), but after the 11th century his functions were taken over by the shire-reeve, or sheriff, who was appointed by the king. By the 14th century a county court, composed of several justices of the peace, or magistrates, had developed to help the sheriff administer the county. Over the centuries these crown-appointed magistrates gradually became the primary administrators of counties. Each county also became the constituency for the elections of knights of the shire, or county members of Parliament.
This system of county government, with centrally appointed justices of the peace holding legislative, judicial, and executive powers, became inadequate in the 19th century as the suffrage was extended, government services expanded, and industrial cities continued to grow. To remedy this undemocratic system, the Local Government Act of 1888 established county councils, with members elected by local residents, to take over the legislative and executive duties of the magistrates. The act also replaced the historic counties with new administrative counties, which often had different boundaries. The act also created about 60 county boroughs; these were cities that were given county powers in order to better provide local government services.
The Local Government Act of 1972 reorganized the county system again; 47 new counties contained all urban as well as rural areas in their boundaries, and each county was subdivided into several districts, which numbered almost 300 in all. A British county provides police and fire services, education, social-welfare services, public transport, traffic regulation, consumer protection, libraries, and some highways and parks. The county council is the general governing board of a county; it is a large body, with 50 to 100 popularly elected members, and much of its basic administrative work is delegated to committees.
Outside the United Kingdom, the system of county government was adopted, with variations, in most of the countries settled from Britain. In Canada, however, the county system never became universal; where it exists, the county councils are generally much smaller than in England. New Zealand has had county councils since 1876. In Australia the administrative unit is generally called the shire, though the name county is used for larger areas.
(From the Encyclopaedia)
Grammar: 1. Participle I (Present Participle Active).
3. Безличные предложения с местоимением it.
4. Особые случаи образования множественного числа существительных.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
ø Well... `Let me ö see... `Let me ö think... By the ø way... They ø say... ø First. `First of ø all... In `my oøpinion... To `my mind... To `tell the ø truth... I `don’t quite ö follow you. It’s `not to the ö point. `Keep to the ö point. `Generally ø speaking... As `far as I ø know... As to ø me... In ø fact... The matter ø is that... In `any ø case... `Go aöhead. On the ø one hand... On the ø other hand... Above ø all ... Let’s get down to ... To `sum it ø up... `On the ø whole... `All in ø all... `After ø all... In `short... `That exö plains it. Let’s round ö off.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
1. responsibility - ответственность
2. similar - подобный
3. speciality [`speclti] - амер. специальность
4. human - человеческий
5. issue - вопрос
6. manufacturing personnel - производственный персонал
7. schedule [`edju:l] - инвентарь, график
8. raw materials - сырье
9. smoothness - бесперебойность, плавность
10. assets - средства, фонды
11. excessive inventories - чрезмерные запасы
12. sacrificing - недостаточный, убыточный
13. delivery - поставка
14. advantage - преимущество
15. current cost - текущие издержки
Text. Production Management THE "FIVE M'S"
Operations management (known in industry as production management) is a responsibility similar in level and scope to other specialties such as marketing and to human resource and financial management. In manufacturing operations, production management includes responsibility for product and process design, planning and control issues involving capacity and quality, and organization and supervision of the workforce.
Production management's responsibilities are summarized by the "five M's": men, machines, methods, materials, and money. "Men" refers to the human element in operating systems. Since the vast majority of manufacturing personnel work in the physical production of goods, "people management" is one of the production manager's most important responsibilities.
The production manager must also choose the machines and methods of the company, first selecting the equipment and technology to be used in the manufacture of the product or service and then planning and controlling the methods and procedures for their use. The flexibility of the production process and the ability of workers to adapt to equipment and schedules are important issues in this phase of production management.
The production manager's responsibility for materials includes the management of flow processes-both physical (raw materials) and information (paperwork). The smoothness of resource movement and data flow is determined largely by the fundamental choices made in the design of the product and in the process to be used.
The manager's, concern for money is explained by the importance of financing and asset utilization to most manufacturing organizations. A manager who allows excessive inventories to build up or who achieves level production and steady operation by sacrificing good customer service and timely delivery runs the risk that overinvestment or high current costs will wipe out any temporary competitive advantage that might have been obtained.
II. Exercises on the Text:
3. GiveEnglishequivalentsto:
подобная по уровню и объему; человеческие ресурсы и управление финансовой деятельностью; вопросы, включающие производственные мощности и качество; ответственность за управление произ-водством; подавляющее большинство; «взаимоотношения с людьми»; методы и действия для их использования; гиб-кость производственного процесса; как физические, так и информационные; плавность движения ресурсов и посту-пления данных; временное конкурентное преимущество.
4. Answer the following questions:
1. What is operations management?
2. What does production management include in manufacturing operations?
3. What are the «five M’s»?
4. Why is «people management» one of the production manager’s most important responsibilities?
5. How must the production manager choose the machines and methods of the company?
6. In what phase of production management the flexibility of the production process is an important issue?
7. What does the production manager’s responsibility for materials include?
8. How is the manager’s concern for money explained?
9. What manager runs the risk?
10. Will high current costs wipe out any temporary competitive advantage?
III. Grammar Exercises
| ing — forms | |||||||
| noun | adjective | gerund | participle I | ||||
| (pricing) | (managing) | (delivering) | (smb. working) |
Active Voice
| Continuous Tenses(Progressive) | be | Participle I(verb + ing) | Time Markers |
| Present Continuous | am, is, are | building | ¬¾¾¾Ì½É¾¾¾® |
| Past Continuous | was, were | asking | ¬¾Ä¾¾½¾¾®¬¾8¾½¾® |
| Future Continuous | shall (will) be | ¬¾¾¾½¾¾Ä®¬¾8¾½¾® |
5. Write down the following verbs in the form of Participle I.
1. to manage, to know, to include, to involve, to refer, to operate, to work, to select, to control, to plan, to determine, to explain, to finance, to get, to study, to write, to persuade, to increase, to die.
6. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the functions of Participle I:
1. Marketing concentrates primarily on the buyers, or consumers, determining their needs and desires, educating them, developing strategies to persuade them to buy.
2. For retailers, the use of catalogs makes it possible to do business considerably beyond their usual trading area.
3. The whole month I was working hard. We were auditing accounts of a joint venture.
4. The State Tax Service in Russia is a new organization but its role is becoming very important because more and more new businesses are appearing in the country.
5. The majority of corporations are small, differing little in their characteristics from other forms of business.
6. An Italian delegation arrived yesterday. At 9 we were meeting the delegation at the airport, at 12 we were having lunch, at 2 we were discussing the contract.
7. Those who interpret the voting incorrectly, producing too much or too little, or charging a price that is too low, do not earn profits.
8. At least half the nation’s 50 leading corporations have mail-order divisions.
9. You phoned at 9.15, didn’t you? We were discussing our business plan at that time.
10. Also carving its own niche is telephone marketing.
sunny rainy frosty cloudy
and hot and foggy and snowy and windy
7. Look at the pictures. Ask and answer the question as in the model:
Model: A. What’s the weather like today?
B. It’s hot and dry.
8. Read the dialogue and make up your own dialogue:
A. Look, Ann, is it cold outside?
B. I think it’s not cold. It’s warm.
A. What’s the temperature today?
B. It’s 4 below zero.
A. Let’s go to the scating-ring.
B. I’m sorry, I’m busy.
A. What a pity!
Образование множественного числа существительных греческого и латинского происхождения.
| Единственное число | Множественное число | |
| datum[`deitcm] | данная величина | data [`deitc] |
| addendum[c`dendcm] | добавление | addenda [c`dendc] |
| erratum[i`reitcm] | ошибка (опечатка) | errata [i`reitc] |
| memorandum[memc`r ndcm] | меморандум | memoranda [memc`r ndc] |
| phenomenon[fi`n]mincn] | явление | phenomena [fi`n]minc] |
| criterion[krai`ticricn] | критерий | criteria [krai`ticric] |
| basis[`beisis] | базис | bases [`beisi:z] |
| crisis[`kraisis] | кризис | crises [`kraisi:z] |
| analysis[c`n lisis] | анализ | analyses [c`n lisi:z] |
| thesis[`i:sis] | диссертация | theses [`i:si:z] |
| stimulus[`stimjulcs] | стимул | stimuli [`stimjulai] |
| index[`indcks] | индекс, | indexes [`indckscs] |
| указатель | indices [`indisi:z] | |
| apparatus[cpc`reitcs] | аппарат | apparatus [cpc`reitcs] |
9. Read the text and retell it in Russian:
Science and Technology in Britain
Since the first artificial splitting of the atom at Cambridge, in 1932, by Sir John Cockcroft and Dr. E. T. S. Walton, Britain's nuclear scientists have made continuous progress in harnessing atomic energy. Today eight commercial nuclear power stations are supplying electricity for factories and homes and others are being built. Some of Britain's top scientists are engaged in space research on projects such as upper atmosphere probes with British-built rockets at Woomera, Australia, and inwork on satellite communications. Others are making vital discoveries in the laboratory into the very nature of life itself.
Britain is pre-eminent in radio astronomy and in many fields of electronics including miniaturisation. one of the most important factors in the electronics revolution, and in radar for marine and aviation purposes. Much basic work was done in Britain on electronic computers. British advances in medicine include penicillin and other antibiotics, such as cephalosporins, heart-lung machines, a new anti-viral agent, Interferon, of great potential value and many other important developments in the treatment of disease.
British contributions to science include many great discoveries linked with famous names - Sir Isaac Newton (theory of gravitation), Robert Boyle ("the father of modern chemistry"), Michael Faraday (whose discoveries gave rise to the electrical industry), and Henry Cavendish (properties of hydrogen). In the present century - J. J. Thomson, Lord Rutherford and Sir James Chadwick (basic work on nuclear science), Gowland Hopkins (the existence of vitamins), Sir William Bragg (X-ray analysis), and many others. Medicine owes much to such pioneers as William Harvey (circulation of the blood), Edward Jenner (vaccination), Joseph Lister (antiseptics). Sir Ronald Ross (who proved the relation between malaria and mosquitoes).
Since 1945 there have been 27 British scientists who have received international recognition for their work by gaining Nobel awards. There are over 200 learned scientific societies in Britain. In ten years Britain has doubled her total number of qualified scientists.
10. Translate English jokes:
Which of You Three?
A. - Hallo? Is that Ted Wells?
B. - Yes. Who is speaking?
A. - Sam.
B. - Who? I don’t hear.
A. - I say Sam: Sid, Ada, Mary. Do you hear?
B. - Yes, I do. But which of three is speaking?
¾---¾
Mother: Well, what is Mary doing?
Jane: Well, if the ice is as thick as she thinks, she is skating, but if the ice is as thin as I think, she is swimming.
Grammar: 1. Правила согласования времен. Косвеннаяречь.
3. Бессоюзные определительные предложения.
4. This-these, that-those как заменители ранее стоящего существительного.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
`Are you `going to the ø shop?
ö Yes, I ö am. ö No, I am ö not.
`Are you `waiting for a ø taxi or for a ö bus.
I am `waiting for a ö bus.
`What are you ö doing?
I am `reading a ö magazine.
`What `magazine are you ö reading?
I am `reading an `English ö magazine.
`Where are you ö going?
I am `going to the ö theatre.
`Who is `going to the theatre ö with you?