On the one hand, Samuelson endorses the concept of government-sponsored programs such as public housing and food stamps as a means of reducing poverty. Friedman, on the other hand, would prefer to give the poor additional income and allow them to use the funds to solve their problems without government interference. To apply this concept, Friedman suggested the "negative income tax." The graduated income tax takes an increasing amount in taxes as one's income rises. The negative income tax would apply a sliding scale of payments to those whose income from work fell below a stated minimum.
Grammar: 1. Функции инфинитива.
2. Инфинитив в функции определения и обстоятельства.
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
Asking the Way.
— Exöcuseøme, `can you `tell me the `way to Tra`falgar ø Square?
—ö Certainly. `Go `down ö Regent ø Street | into ö Piccadilly ø Circus | and `then `go `down the ö Haymarket.
— Exöcuse me, ø sir, | but `would you `tell me where ø Hyde ö Park is?
— I ö really have no iødea. I’m ö also a ö stranger here. You’d `better ask the poölicemen over ø there. ö He’ll give you `all the infor`mation you ö want.
— `Would you `mind ø telling me `how I can `get best from ø here to `Hyde ö Park?
— ö Oh, | that’s a ø pretty `long ö way from here. Go as `far as the ø next corner | and `wait for a `bus with ø «Hyde ö Park» on it.
— Exöcuse ø me, | `can you `tell me the `way to ø Hyde ö Park?
— ö Certainly. It’s about `fifteen `minutes’ run by `bus ö 9 from here. If you `tell the conøductor, | he’ll `put you ö down there.
— `One ö moment, ø sir. `Can I `get to `Hyde `Park by the ø Underøground?
— ö Sure. `Take the ø Underøground | from ö Mansion, House.
— Exöcuse ø me, | `am I right for ø Farringdon ø Road?
— No, madam. You are `going the ö wrong ø way. In ø fact, | in the opposite diörection.
— No. You’ll `have to `go ö back to the `bottom of `this ö road, | take the ø first `turning on your ø left (`turn to the ø left), and `walk ø straight ø on as `far as the `third ö cross-to-ads. You `can’t `possibly ö miss it.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
1. to survive - выжить
2. internal funds - внутренние средства
3. expenses - расходы
4. depreciation - амортизация
5. replacing assets - замененные средства
6. wear out - изнашивать
7. retained earnings - нераспределенная прибыль
8. external funds - внешние средства
9. to borrow - брать взаймы
10. proprietorship - собственность
Text. The Sources of Business Funds
In many ways, money is to business what water is to plants. Plants need water to begin life, to survive and to grow. Similarly, firms need money to begin operations, to meet their day-to-day expenses and to expand. Most of the money used by business comes from the sale of its products and services. Since these funds come from within the firm they are described as internal funds. The rest must come from outside, or external sources.
Internal Funds. As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money, which it uses to meet its expenses. One of these expenses, depreciation, represents the cost of replacing assets (like tools, machinery, and buildings) that wear out. Typically, businesses use internal funds to cover the cost of depreciation.
The funds that remain after paying expenses are a firm's profits or earnings. Although the owners or stockholders could take it all for themselves, in most instances some portion of the profits will be retained by the business. Since its "retained earnings," along with the sum it set aside for depreciation came from within the firm, they are known as internal funds. About 60 to 70 percent of a business firm's financing come from its internal sources.
External Funds. Sales do not remain constant from one season, or month or week to the next. There are times when more money comes in to a business than is needed to pay its bills. Similarly, at other times there is not enough money coming in to cover operating costs. When this happens, there are only four things that the firm can do:
· dip into savings,
· borrow,
· sell shares of stock (if it is a corporation) or seek additional capital from the owners (if it is a partnership or proprietorship),
· reduce spending.
II. Exercises on the Text:
3. GiveEnglishequivalentsto:
во многих случаях; чтобы покрыть каждодневные расходы; большая часть денег; остальные должны исходить извне; поскольку фирма продает свою продукцию или услуги; чтобы покрыть издержки за амортизацию; в большинстве примеров; выделять на амортизацию; они известны как внутренние фонды; бывают времена; когда это происходит; продать долю в акционерном капитале.
4. Complete as in the text and translate into Russian:
1. In many ways, money is to business what ... 2. Plants need water ... 3.Similarly, firms need money ... 4. The rest must come from outline, or ... 5. As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money which it uses ... 6. Typically, business use internal funds...7.The funds that remain after paying expenses are ... 8. About 60 or 70 percent of a business firm’s financing comes... 9. There are times when more money comes in to a business than ... 10. Similarly, at other times there is not enough money coming in ...
5. Sum up what the text says about:
money is to business;
the sources of coming money from;
the usage of internal funds
the four things that the firm can do
III. Grammar Exercises
| Подлежащее | |
| 1. To answer is not easy | Отвечать ... |
| Часть сказуемого | |
| 2. To live is to create. We are to create | ... творить |
| Дополнение | |
| 3. Science teaches you to create. | ... творить |
| Определение | |
| 4. The work to be done isn’t easy. | ... которую нужно сделать ... |
| He was the first to answer this question. | ... кто ответил... ответил |
| Обстоятельство | |
| 5. To answer this question you are to know the subject well. | Чтобы ответить ... Для ответа ... |
| In order to work here you are to be an experienced specialist | Для того, чтобы... |
6. State the forms and functions of the infinitive. Translate the following:
1. To complete a journey round the sun requires nearly 29 1/2 years. 2.Steel output is to go up in the next years. 3. To prolong this discussion is to waste time. 4. I only want to be given my chance. 5. Does this mean that to think is the same thing as to utter words? 6. This record, one may assume, is to serve some subsequent purpose. 7. To move in space calls for quite new concepts of energy. 8. He linked to be looked upon as businessman. 9. Then an incident occurred to disturb the monotony of life. 10. I have turned aside to discuss these matters.
7. Translate the following into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive as an attribute:
1. There is one more phenomenon to be involved into this solution. 2. The data to be analysed involve knowledge of production management’s methods. 3. Dalton’s atomic theory was the first to make successful use of the old Greek theory of atoms in chemistry. 4. The traditional role of science is to make people healthy and the world a brighter place to live in. 5. The Sun is the first object to be studied by rocket astronomy. 6. All the attempts to confirm this suggestion have failed. 7. She gave him a list of a few books to be read. 8. I was present at an experiment - perhaps, the thousandth to have taken place.
8. Translate the following into Russian paying attention to the Infinitive as an adverbal modifier:
1. Laws were not made to be broken, laws were made to stay within. 2.Sometimes you retreat in order to advance. 3. The foreperson was too busy to see anyone. 4. He was so weak as to unable to work. 5. The executives found the problem too difficult to solve. 6. It’s still too early to speak about the efficiency of this method. 7. In these areas the land is too unproductive to support a flourishing agricultural population. 8. The results of voting are enough to generate discussion on the pages of learned periodicals.
9. Read and translate the dialogue:
Jay Richards is consulting his financial adviser:
Jay: As a matter of fact, I'm thinking of starting an automobile agency. Could you tell me how I should finance this business?
Adv: Sure, Jay. If you've got some money of your own, you can operate on a cash basis: no credit given, no money borrowed. But a firm of this kind is usually a short lived one.
Jay: Shall I get credit from the bank then?
Adv; Not necessarily. You may just as well go to any insurance company and they will be only glad to help you, or at least they will try to show it.
Jay: Suppose I get their money to construct a building. But I'll need a lot more money to pay for the tools and equipment.
Adv: Oh, that's not a problem either. The car manufacturers will pay for it on a credit basis. And of course, you will get a loan from the bank to pay other expenses.
Jay: But that will mean a lot of money! How shall I pay it back?
Adv: Don't worry! The more money you invest the more rapid the progress you will make. You will certainly have idle money very soon. But do not let it stay idle. Invest and get profit out of it.
Jay: O.K. Thanks for the advice. I'll call in later for more details, if you don't mind.
Adv: Of course I don't. I'll be glad to see you any time of the day.
10. Form abstract nouns with the help of given suffixes:
1. noun + -age
coin, cover, pilot, parent, pack, percent,
2. noun/adjective + -dom
free, wise, king
3. noun + -hood
neighbour, child, brother, mother
4. adjective + -(i)ty
mortal, electrical, minor, major
5. verb + -al
refuse, propose, arrive, dispose
11. Chose antonyms:
payment - a). expense; b). expenditure; c). nonpayment.
agreement - a). disagreement; b). refusal; c). reduction.
employment - a). occupation; b). unemployment; c). freedom.
useful - a). helpless; b). applied; c). harmful; d). useless.
12. Read the text and retell it in Russian:
Birmingham
Birmingham (England), city, seat of the metropolitan county of West Midlands, central England. In 1974 the former municipal borough of Sutton Coldfield was incorporated into the city. A major industrial center, Birmingham is the second largest city in Great Britain. It is the hub of the British metal goods industry and is served by a network of railroads and highways. Among the principal metal products manufactured are motor-vehicle parts, machine tools, brassware, household utensils, sporting guns, and jewelry. Other important manufactures include electrical equipment, glass, rubber products, and chemicals. The city is located in an important coal-mining region.
Birmingham is the seat of the University of Birmingham (1900), the University of Aston in Birmingham (1895), the University of Central England in Birmingham (1992, formerly a polytechnic college), and several technical schools. Cultural facilities include the large Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery (1867), the Museum of Science and Industry, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, and the Birmingham Repertory Theatre (1913). The city's Municipal Bank (opened 1916) is the only one of its kind in Great Britain. Birmingham churches include Saint Philip's Cathedral (1715), Saint Martin's Parish Church in the Bull Ring (13th century), and the Roman Catholic Saint Chad's Cathedral (1841). Other notable buildings are the neoclassical Town Hall (1834), the Renaissance-style Council House (1881), and the modern Bull Ring Shopping Centre.
Heavily bombed during World War II, the city has undergone extensive rebuilding. Population (1981) 1,006,908; (1991 preliminary) 934,900.
Grammar: 1. Объектныйинфинитивныйоборот (The Objective Infinitive Construction).
2. Субъектныйинфинитивныйоборот (The Subjective Infinitive Construction).
I. Language Practice
1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:
— `How did you `get on in your ö exams?
— I ö passed.
— /Congratuölations! What ö `marks did you `get?
— Three ø fives and a ö four.
— `Well ö done. `Now you can reølax and ö enjoy your`self for a `bit.
— ö Yes. It’s a `big reölief.
2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:
1. to engage - заниматься
2. trade - ремесло
3. occupation - занятие
4. county clerk - служащий округа
5. at will - по желанию, по усмотрению
6. power - право
7. charter - устав
8. consent - согласие
9. to terminate - заканчивать, завершать
10. to dissolve - расторгать, аннулировать
11. bankruptcy - банкротство
12. misconduct - дурное поведение
13. authority - полномочие
14. cash - наличные деньги
15. debt - долг
16. to mortgage - закладывать
17. good faith - добросовестность
18. dealings - торговые дела
19. to account - отвечать (за что-либо)
20. liability - ответственность
21. to permit - разрешать
Text. Partnership
Partnership, in law, term applied to an association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their labor, property, and skill, or some or all of them, for the purpose of engaging in lawful business and sharing profits and losses between them; in this definition the term business includes every trade, occupation, and profession. The parties forming such an association are known as partners. Partners may adopt a fictitious name or use a real family name. In the U.S., most states require the filing of a certificate of partnership with the county clerk when an assumed name is used. The agreement to form a partnership is known as a partnership contract, the most important provision of which spells out the manner in which profits are to be distributed.
A partnership can be formed only by contract; the Statute of Frauds requires the agreement to be in writing if the term exceeds one year; failure to comply results in a partnership at will. Any number of persons may contract to form a partnership, and firms of partners may enter into partnership with one another. By contrast, in most states, a corporation has no power to enter into a partnership unless such power is expressly given in the corporate charter. New members may be admitted into an existing partnership only with the consent of all the partners. The agreement of partnership generally is for a definite term of years; if no duration is specified, it is said to be a partnership at will and can be terminated at any time by any partner. By agreement of the members, a partnership may be dissolved or terminated and the terms of the partnership agreement modified at any time. Death or bankruptcy of a partner, the insanity or misconduct of a partner, and the end of the period fixed for the duration of the partnership also operate to terminate the partnership.