В связи с этим мы проанализировали и сравнили несколько пособий по грамматике, составителями которых являются носители английского языка. Сопоставление работ нескольких авторов проводилось с целью выявления неохваченных в четвертом издании пособия грамматических аспектов, которые вызывают наибольшие трудности у студентов при переводе с английского языка на русский. Крометого, практикапоказывает, чтоупражненийнехватает.
Длясравнениявзяли4 грамматикиипособиепо Toefl следующихавторов: A.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet "A practical english grammar" (1986), L.G. Alexander "Longman English grammar" (2003), R.Murphy "Grammar in use" (1989), M.Celce-Murcia, D.Larsen-Freeman "The grammar Book: Teacher’s course" (1999), M.Hewings "Advanced grammar in use" (2005), Phillips D. "Longman complete course for the TOEFL test: Preparation for the computer and paper tests" (2001). Последнее пособие использовали и в дальнейшей работе в качестве источника примеров, так как они написаны американскими авторами на американско-английском языке. Остальнаячастьграмматик – британскогопроисхождения. ВкачествеосновыдлясопоставлениябылвзятучебникA.J. Thomson, A.V. Martinet "A practical english grammar" (1986). Отсутствующие в нем грамматические явления были учтены при составлении сводной таблицы.
Результаты сравнения представлены в таблице 1 (см. полный вариант таблицы в Приложении 1). Таблицу 1 разбили на две таблицы, согласно первому уровню и второму. В данной дипломной работе таблицы, упражнения и другой материал представлены для первого уровня сложности.
Таблица 1Сводная таблица грамматик английского языка зарубежных авторов
| тема | Thomson & Martinet | L.G.Alexander | R.Murphy | Celcia Murcia | Martin Hewings | TOEFL Debora Phillips |
| 1. Articles and one, a little/few, this, that | ||||||
| a/an (the indefinite article) | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| use of a/an | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| omission of a/an | + | + | + | + | ||
| a/an and one | + | + | + | |||
| a little/a few and little/few | + | + | + | + | ||
| the (indefinite article) | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| omission of the | + | + | + | + | + | |
| omission of the before home etc | + | + | + | + | + | |
| this/these, that/those | + | + | + | |||
| zero article | + | + | + | + | + | |
| 2. Nouns | ||||||
| Kinds and function | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Gender | + | + | + | + | ||
| Plurals | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Uncounable nouns | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Form of possesive case | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Use of possessive case etc. | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Compound nouns | + | + | + | + | + | |
| 3. Adjectives | ||||||
| Kinds of adjectives | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Position of adjectives | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Order of adjectives of quality | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Comparison | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Constructions with comparisons | + | + | + | + | ||
| than/as + pronoun +auxiliary | + | + | + | + | + | |
| the + adjective | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Adjectives + one/ones etc. | + | + | + | |||
| many and much | + | + | + | + | ||
| Adjectives + infinitives | + | + | + | + | ||
| Adjectives + various constructions | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| 4. Adverbs | ||||||
| Kinds of adverbs | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Form and use | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Formation of adverbs with ly | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Adverbs and adjectives with the same form | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Comparative and superlative | + | + | + | + | + | |
| far, farther/farthest etc. | + | + | + | |||
| much, more, most | + | + | + | + | ||
| Constructions with comparisons | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Position | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Adverbs of manner | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Adverbs of place | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Adverbs of time | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Adverbs of frequency | + | + | + | + | ||
| Order of adverbs | + | + | + | |||
| Sentence adverbs | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Adverbs of degree | + | + | + | + | + | |
| fairly, rather, quite, hardly etc. | + | + | ||||
| fairly and rather | + | + | ||||
| quite | + | + | ||||
| hardly, scarcely, barely | + | + | ||||
| Inversion of the verb | + | + | + | |||
| Inversion after certain adverbs | + | + | + | + | ||
| 5. all, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none | ||||||
| all, each, every, everyne etc. | + | + | + | + | + | |
| both | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| all/both/each + of etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| neither, either | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| some, any, no and none | + | + | + | + | + | |
| someone, anyone, no one etc. | + | + | + | + | + | |
| else after someone/anybody etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| another, other etc. with one, some | + | + | + | + | ||
| 6. Interrogatives: wh-? Words and how? | ||||||
| Interrogative adjectives and pronouns | + | + | + | |||
| Affirmative verb after who etc. | + | + | + | |||
| who, whom, whose, which, what | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| who, whom, which and what as objects of prepositions | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Uses of what | + | + | + | + | ||
| which compared with who, what | + | + | + | + | ||
| Interrogative adverbs: why, when, where, how | + | + | + | + | + | |
| ever after who, what etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| Yes/no questions vs. Wh-questions | + | |||||
| 7. Possessives, personal and reflexive pronouns: my, mine, I, myself etc. | ||||||
| Possessive adjectives and pronouns | + | + | + | + | ||
| Agreement and use of possessive adjectives | + | + | + | |||
| Possessive pronouns replacing possessive adjectives + nouns | + | + | + | |||
| Personal pronouns | + | + | + | + | ||
| Position of pronoun objects | + | + | + | + | ||
| Use of it | + | + | + | + | ||
| Indefinite pronouns | + | + | + | |||
| Use of they/them/their with neither/either, someone etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| Reflexive pronouns | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Emphasizing pronouns | + | + | + | |||
| 8. Relative pronouns and clauses | ||||||
| Defining relative clauses | + | + | + | + | ||
| Relative pronouns used in defining clauses | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Defining clauses: persons | + | + | + | + | ||
| Defining clauses: things | + | + | + | |||
| Cleft sentences | + | + | + | |||
| Relative clause replaced by infinitive or participle | + | + | ||||
| Non-defining relative clauses | + | + | + | + | ||
| Non-defining clauses: persons | + | + | + | |||
| all, both, few, most, several etc. + of + whom/which | + | + | + | |||
| Non-defining clauses: things | + | + | + | |||
| Connective relative clauses | + | + | + | |||
| what (relative pronoun) and which (connective relative) | + | + | + | |||
| Commas in relative clauses | + | + | + | + | ||
| whoever, whichever etc. | + | + | ||||
| 9. Prepositions | ||||||
| Alternative position | + | + | ||||
| Omission of to and for before indirect objects | + | + | ||||
| Use and omission of to with verbs of communication | + | + | ||||
| Time and date: at, on, by etc. | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Time: from, since, for etc. | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Time: to, till/until, after, afterwards (adverb) | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Travel and movement: from, to, at, in, by, on, into etc. | + | + | + | + | + | |
| at, in, into, on, onto | + | + | + | + | + | |
| above, over, under etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| prepositions used with adjectives and participles | + | + | + | + | ||
| Verbs and prepositions | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Gerunds after prepositions | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Prepositions/adverbs | + | + | ||||
| 10. Introduction to verbs | ||||||
| Classes of verbs | + | + | + | + | ||
| Ordinary verbs | + | + | + | + | ||
| Principal parts | + | + | + | + | ||
| Active tenses | + | + | + | + | ||
| Negatives of tenses | + | + | + | + | ||
| Interrogative for questions and requests | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Negative interrogative | + | + | + | + | ||
| Auxiliary verbs | + | + | + | |||
| Auxiliaries and modals | + | + | + | |||
| Forms and patterns | + | + | + | |||
| Use of auxiliaries in short answers, agreements etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| In short answers | + | + | + | + | ||
| Agreements and disagreements | + | + | + | |||
| Questions tags | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Comment tags | + | + | ||||
| Additions to remarks | + | + | ||||
| 11. be, have, do | ||||||
| be as an auxiliary verb | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Form and use | + | + | + | |||
| be + infinitive | + | + | + | + | ||
| be as an ordinary verb | + | + | + | |||
| be to denote existence, be + adjective | + | + | + | |||
| there is/are/was/were etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| it is and there is compared | + | + | ||||
| have as an auxiliary verb | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Form and use | + | + | + | |||
| have + object + past participle | + | + | + | |||
| had better + bare infinitive | + | + | + | + | ||
| have + object + present participle | + | + | + | |||
| have as an ordinary verb | + | + | + | + | ||
| have meaning 'possess' and 'suffer (from) pain/illness/disability' | + | + | + | |||
| have meaning 'take', 'give' | + | + | ||||
| do | + | + | + | + | ||
| Form | + | + | + | + | ||
| do used as an auxiliary | + | + | + | + | ||
| do used as an ordinary verb | + | + | + | + | ||
| 32. Conjunctions | ||||||
| Co-ordinating conjunctions | + | + | + | + | ||
| besides, so, still, yet etc. | + | + | + | + | ||
| Subordinating conjunctions | + | + | + | + | ||
| though/although, in spite of, despite | + | + | + | + | + | |
| for and because | + | + | + | + | + | |
| when, while, as to express time | + | + | + | + | + | |
| as meaning when/while or because/since | + | + | + | + | + | |
| as, when, while used to mean although, but, seeing that | + | + | + | + | ||
| 33. Purpose | ||||||
| Purpose expressed by infinitive | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Infinitives after go and come | + | + | + | |||
| Clauses of purpose | + | + | + | + | ||
| in case and lest | + | + | ||||
| 34. Clauses of reason, result, concession, comparison, time | ||||||
| Reason and result/cause | + | + | + | + | + | + |
| Result with such/so…that | + | + | + | + | ||
| Clauses of concession | + | + | + | + | ||
| Clauses of comparison | + | + | + | + | + | |
| Time clauses | + | + | + | + | + | |
| 35. Noun clauses | ||||||
| Noun clauses as subject | + | + | + | |||
| that-clauses after certain adjectives/participles | + | + | + | + | ||
| that-clauses after nouns | + | + | + | |||
| Noun clauses as objects | + | + | + | + | ||
| so and not representin a that-clause | + | + | ||||
| 39.The sentence | ||||||
| Sentence word order | + | + | + | |||
| The simple sentence | + | + | + | |||
| The compound sentence | + | + | + | |||
| The complex sentence | + | + | + |
В ходе сопоставительного анализа возникли следующие сложности: