Консультации по английской грамматике В помощь учителю иностранного языка (стр. 6 из 10)
Key: 1 were; 2 was; 3 were; 4 were; 5 was; 6 was; 7 were; 8 was/ were.
A policeman is talking about his job. Put in the correct form.
1. Every policeman is/are given special training for the job.
2. Each day is/are different from the other one before.
3. A number of police officers here works/work with dogs.
4. A lot of people has/have a wrong image of police work.
5. Not all policemen is/are allowed to carry guns.
6. None of the officers here is/are allowed to have guns.
7. Crime isn't/aren't exciting or glamorous.
8. One of our jobs is/are to help prevent crime.
9. A lot of crime is/are caused by people being careless.
10. I must go. Someone has/have just reported a robbery.
Key: is; is; work; have; are; are; isn't; is; is; has.
Complete the conversation by putting in "a," "an" or "some "
Martin: Hello, Geoffrey. How are you?
Geoffrey: OK, thanks, but I'm fed up with this rain.
Martin: Yes, let's hope we get … better weather soon.
Geoffrey: And how are you?
Martin: I'm fine, thanks. You're at college now, aren't you?
Geoffrey: Yes, I'm doing … course on farming. I'm just going to the library, actually. We've got … homework, … essay on farm management, and I have to do … research.
Martin: And how is the course going?
Geoffrey: Oh, fine. I made a rather bad start, but my tutor gave me … good advice. I think I'm making … progress now.
Martin: Good.
Geoffrey: And where are you going?
Martin: To the travel agent's. I need … information about flights to Malrovia. My brother's out there at the moment.
Geoffrey: How is he getting on?
Martin: Very nicely I had letter from him yesterday with news He's got job drilling for oil
Geoffrey That sounds exciting job
Martin Well, I must go I've got lots to do I'vejust moved into new flat It's very nice, but I need new furniture — I haven't even got table
Geoffrey Well, good luck
Key: some better weather, a course, some homework, an essay, some research, some good advice, some progress, some information, a letter, some news, a job, an exciting job, a new flat, some new furniture, a table.
Put in the nouns and add -s if necessary
1. Please accept this gift as an expression of our … . 1 thank
2. The woman is demanding … for her injures. 2 damage
3. The was so bad I called the doctor. 3 pain
4. The old man carried his few in a plastic bag. 4 belonging
5. The man twisted Tim's left behind his back. 5 arm
6. If you pay in cash, you make a … of 10%. 6 saving
7. More … should travel by train instead of by road. 7 good
8. The explosion caused some … . 8 damage
9. We're going to spend all our … on a new car. 9 saving
10. The company always takes … to protect its image. 10 pain
Key: 1 thanks; 2 damages; 3 pain; 4 belongings; 5 arm; 6 saving; 7 goods; 8 damage; 9 savings; 10 pains.
Put in the correct form of the nouns and verbs.
Dear Maureen,
Thanks for your letter. We're living in 1 outskirt/s,
the 1… of the 2… about three 3… from the 2 town/s, 3 mile/s,
4… Our new house is quite nice, but the 4 centre/s,
surroundings 5… very pleasant We're on a 5 isn't/aren't,
busy 6 ..., near a paint 7 ... and a steel 8 .... 6 crossroad/s,
I'm back at the University doing the course 7 factory/ies,
I told you about. Statistics 9 ... an easy subject, 8 work/s, 9 is/are,
I find, but 10 ... is very difficult! 10 economic/s,
The other students are all very nice. There's
a good sports and social club. Lots of people
do 11 .... We play tennis at weekends. Mike 11 athletic/s,
works at the company 12 .... He sometimes 12 headquarter/s,
has a game of 13 ... . Come and see us soon. 13 billiard/s
Love. Kate.
Key: 1 outskirts; 2 town; 3 miles; 4 centre; 5 isn't; 6 crossroads; 7 factory; 8 works; 9 is; 10 economics; 11 athletics; 12 headquarters; 13 billiards.
Complete this newspaper article. Choose the correct singular or plural forms in the brackets.
Clayton Factory for Milchester
The Clayton Clothing company is going to build a new factory in Milchester. (This/These) (new/s) (was/were) announced by company chairman Mr David Clayton yesterday. Mr Clayton spent the morning in Milchester before returning to the Clayton (headquarter/s) at Granby.
The Clayton company (has/have) been in existence for 130 years and (is/are) famous for its "Polymode" (good/s). The slogans "You're never alone with a pair of Polymode (trouser/s)" and "Polymode (jean/s) (is/are) the (one/s) for you" are well-known. The company's profit last year of 2 million (was/were) the highest in the clothing business.
Mr Clayton will not say now how (much/many) new (job/s) there will be, but my (information/s) (is/are) that there will be about 500. The (new/s) (is/are) very welcome because (work/s) (is/are) hard to find at the moment, and 2,000 unemployed people (is/are) a high figure for a small town.
Key: This news was announced, to the Clayton headquarters, has been in existence, is famous, its "Polymode" goods, Polymode trousers, Polymode jeans, the ones, was, how many new jobs, my information is, work is hard, is a high figure.
A Milcherster company called Welton Engineering, which produces spectacles and binoculars, is going to close with a loss of 200 jobs. Write a short newspaper report about this news. You can invent details.
Gender is given very little attention to by EFL teachers in the classroom. It is thought to be too elementary to be attended to properly. In fact, gender relating the person/thing to "he," "she" or "it" does not excite much interest because purely grammatical means for its expression are absent. Gender is inbuilt in the nounal semantics, that is why some nouns such as boy, man, husband have "he" in their semantic structure; girl, woman, wife have "she" in their semantic structure; that is, "he" and "she" are inbuilt in the meaning of names of human beings of a certain sex and only English person nouns are subject to gender expression. All other nouns, names of inanimate things and names of living beings of a lower organization, such as birds, animals, insects, etc. are associated with "it" as part of their semantics.
There are traditional cases of association of certain nouns with certain genders. We can use "he—she" for an animal if we know the animal's sex and feel sympathy or interest. E.g. Go and find the cat and put him out.
"She" can be used for a country, a city in myths, poetry or politico-economic contexts. E.g. England is proud ot her poets. "Nature" is "it" in a neutral context and "she" in an emotionally coloured text. E.g. If Nature is to be commanded, she must be obeyed.
"Ship," "plane," "boat," "hovercraft" are referred to as "she" ("shuttle" - "it"), e.g.What a lovely ship! What is she called?
"Car," "automobile" are referred to as "it," however, they, especially those in which the speaker takes a personal pride, can be referred to as "she" or "he" by men or women respectively.
"It" may be used for person nouns if we mean not a person but the social position, status, rank. E.g. She's the managing director and looks it.
"It" is closely associated with the absence of individuality and is often used scornfully.
There are various ways of indicating the belonging of the noun to the feminine gender as opposition to the non-expression of the feminine gender is understood as belonging to the masculine gender. They are: suffixes, compound words of a certain structure, different words.
The suffixes -ess, -ine, -ix, -ina, -ette mark the feminine gender:
administrator — administratrix
czar — czarina
executor — executrix
heir — heiress
hero — heroine
host — hostess
tiger — tigeress
testator — testatrix
usher — usherette
The suffix -er marks the masculine gender: widow — widower. Gender is expressed in compound words with the second component -man, -woman, -boy, -girl, -lord, -lady, -cock, -hen:
salesman — saleswoman
washerman — washerwoman
cashboy — cashgirl
landlord — landlady
peacock — peahen
The masculine noun "bridegroom" is opposed to the feminine noun "bride."
There are different words for creatures of male and female sex:
man — woman
lad — lass
brother — sister
bachelor — spinster
father — mother
husband — wife
son — daughter
nephew — niece
uncle — aunt
gentleman — lady
sir — madame
wizard — witch
king — queen
monk — nun
lord — lady
Students have to be aware of different connotations of meanings of apparent pairs. Witch/wizard, manager/manageress, governor/ governess, lord/lady, master/mistress and others are not equal in status and meaning in some or all contexts. As a rule the feminine noun differs from the corresponding masculine counterpart not only in the expression of another sex, but has other overtones and even meanings. Here are some of the meanings of the nouns in the mentioned pairs:
lord — supreme male ruler; God;
lady — woman belonging to upper classes; woman who has good manners and some claim to social position; (GB) used of and to wives or daughters of some nobles;
master — man who has others working for him and under him;
male head of the household; captain of a merchant ship; male teacher;
male owner of a dog; the Master — Jesus Christ;
mistress — woman at the head of the household or family; woman in authority who gives orders to servants; woman school teacher;
woman having regular sexual intercourse with one man to whom she is not married;
governor — person who governs a province or a colony or (US) state;
governess — women who is employed to teach young children in a private family;
witch — woman said to use magic, esp. for evil purposes; (fig) fascinating and bewitching woman;
wizard — magician; person with amazing abilities.
To express some male or female animals different words are used. There is often a quartet: the name of the male, the name of the female, the name of the young and the common name.
* Used for a male that has been castrated.
Specific references in the text can clearly imply the gender in a given case.
Next day he went walking in the forest. And as he was walking he met a fox, a vixen, a very pretty young thing, gay and giddy like all girls. And the fox saw the cat, and was very much astonished.
"All these years," she said, — for though she was young she thought she had lived a long time, — "all these years, I've lived in the forest, but I've never seen a wild beast like that before. What a strange-looking animal! And with only one ear. How handsome!"
A Ransome. Old Peter's Russian Tales
A great many person nouns in English can express both feminine and masculine person genders These nouns are referred to as nouns of the common gender, or dual gender, person, parent, friend, cousin, neighbour, student, doctor, teacher, professor, librarian, etc.
If there is no need to indicate the sex distinctions of the person expressed by the noun, it is used as masculine Besides, lexico-grammatical distinctions as the first component of a compound formation such as man/woman, male/female, boy/girl, for birds and animals — cock/hen, he/she can be used:
Students ought to be cautious when they choose the first noun. "A nurse" was traditionally treated as feminine, to indicate a man doing this kind of job "a male nurse" should be used. "Engineer" was traditionally meant as masculine, "a woman engineer" is used for a lady. "Boyfriend," "girlfriend" have specific connotations.
Lower animals do not differ from inanimate nouns in terms of gender and will be referred to as "it." If required, the sex differences can be indicated by certain gender markers: she-goat, male frog, he-pheasant.
The speech device enabling us to present lifeless things as living beings is called personification. It is also called "gender of animation." Personification gives nonhuman things the qualities, abilities, or emotions of people. Personification also uses abstract ideas; these abstract ideas are often capitalized.
How rarely Reason guides the stubborn choice
Samuel Johnson
… earth took him to her stony care.
W.B. Yeats
In fairy tales animals, fish and birds can be associated with any gender required by the sense. The extracts below are a good illustration of references of names of birds to different genders.
One night there flew over the city a little Swallow. His friends had gone away to Egypt six weeks before, but he stayed behind for he was in love with the most beautiful Reed.He had never met her early in the spring as he was flying down the river after a big yellow moth, and had been so attracted by her slender waist that he had stopped to talk to her.
0. Wilde. The Happy Prince.
The parrot. Polynesia, was sitting in the window looking out at the rain and'singing a Sailor-song to herself . She stopped singing and started to listen
Hugh Lofting. The Story of Doctor Dolittle
But one day when the Princess September went to say good morning to her parrot she found it lying dead at the bottom of its gold cage.
W. S. Maugham. Princess September
September felt her heart go thump, thump against her chest, and she made up her mind to take no more risks She put her hand and took hold of the bird. This he was quite used to, she liked feeling his heart go pit-a-pat, so fast, in the hollow of her hand, and I think he liked the soft warmth of her little hand
W. S. Maugham. Princess September
People object to words for occupations and professions that are marked to indicate sex differences since they think that men and women are not treated in the same way.
Speech and writing that make unnecessary distinctions based on sex are called sexist language. The word "Mr" does not show whether or not a man is married whereas "Mrs" is used for a married woman and "Miss" for a single woman making the distinction of a woman's social position. The term "Ms" was suggested as a compromise.
"He," "him," "his" can refer to a male or a female or to someone whose sex is unknown
The child has lost his toy.
The student paid his subscription fee.
To avoid the use of the masculine marker for someone who may be a female, an article or another determiner can be used instead.
The child has lost the toy.
The student paid that subscription fee.
Sometimes either "he/she" or "his/her" is used.
Every student has to pay his/her subscription fee.
Or: All student fees have to be paid.
There are three possible ways to indicate gender of the noun of a dual gender.
1. When a relative arrives, he will be let in and his arrival will be welcome by everyone.