Новое и малоизвестное в английской морфологии (стр. 9 из 10)

Таблица 1

Сравнительная таблица лингвистических терминов

Понятие Качество	Алло-морф	морф	Морфема	Слово	Фонема	Слово-форма	Часть речи
Принадлеж-ность к морфологии	+	+	+	+	-	+	+
Неделимость	+	+	-	-	+	-	-
Связанность	+	+	-	-	+	-	-
Дистрибуция	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Самостоятельность	-	-	+	+	-	+	+
Наличие категорий	-	-	+	+	+	+	+

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ В

Классификация частей речи

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ Г

Таблица 2

Сочетаемость наречий степени и not

Сочетаемость
наречийстепени	Not (является наречием нулевой степени и употребляется в окружении, характерном для наречий степени
rather a good place	not a good place
so much, very much, as much, too much	not much
I think so I’m afraid so	I think not I’m afraid not
The only purpose of this motivation is to enable transgressors to so correct former bad habits that they may be able lo resume a full and happy position in society.	The least you can do is to not make things unpleasant for yourself.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ Д

Таблица 3

Рост употребления герундия в АЕ

BE	AE	перевод
insurance	insuring, insurance	страхование
insurance of properly	insuring property	страхование имущества
settlement of disputes	settling disputes	урегулирование споров
payment of bills	paying bills	оплата счетов
exaction of penalty	exacting penalty	взыскание неустойки
signing (of) contract	signing contract	подписание контракта

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ Е

Таблица 4

Сравнительная таблица изменений в употреблении частей речи

в английском языке

№	Часть речи	Классический вариант	Современный вариант	Причина изменения
1	Существительноеа) Образование множеств. числаб)Неисчисля-емые существи-тельныев)Согласование существитель-ных с глаголами	Crisis –crisesPenny- penceMoney, music, understanding, knowledgeThe majority was …There are some children	Crisis – crisisesPenny-penniesMoneys, musics, understandings, knowledgesThe majority were…There is some children	По аналогии с другими сущ.В значении муз.произ-ведения, однородныечлены пр.конкретное значениеРазг. стиль
2	Глагола) вопросит. Формаб) глагол ‘tobe’в) модальные глаголыг)категория залогад) категория времени	Have you the money?I am from Cornwall.How are you?It was a new house.Why aren’t you a good boy and sit down?Do you need to ask?You should tell your parents…You must take it easy.The boys should be watched. You have to be joking.The book is read well.The commodity is sold well.Shall I...How much do you want today? I’ve finished it.I has been ten years dead.	Have you got the money?I be from Carnwall.How be you? It were a new house.Why don’t you be a good boy and sit down? Need you ask?You ought (to) (oughtta) tell your parents…You want to take it easy.The boys bear watching.You gotta be kiddin’.The book reads well.The commodity solds well. Will I…How much did you want today? I’m finished with it. I’m ten years dead.	Разг. стиль в AEЮж. диал.BE(AmE)Зап.диал. BE(разг. стиль BE)разг. стильразг. стильРазг.стиль BE под влиянием AE(выражение скромности)(вид дополн.)маркер времени
3	Наречие(степени сравнения)наречие степенинаречие места	Good-better- the bestExciting – the most excitingSweet – sweeterHe isn’t so bright.I was very afraid.We walked far.I live far…	Good- more good-the most goodExciting- the excitingestSweet – more sweeterHe isn’t too bright.I was very much afraid.We walked a long wayI live a long way	Зависит от предпочтений говорящегоРазг. Стиль AEЖенский стильРазг. Стиль AE
4	Прилагательное(степени сравнения)	Bad- worseHot- hotter	Bad – more badHot – more hot	Разг. стиль
5	Местоимение	When we are busy, he comes.…for my husband and meFor somebody like me …Who knows …	When us is busy, him comes.…for my husband and IFor somebody like myself…Who know…	Разг. стиль

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ Ж

Диаграмма 1

Количество изменений в частях речи

Приложение К

Словообразование

Упр.1

В каждом из нижеприведенных предложений имеется по одному выделенному слову. Закончите каждое предложение, используя соответствующее выделенное слово для образования существительного, обозначающего человека, занимающегося данным видом деятельности. Первоепредложениеприводитсявкачествепримера.

1. If you are employed by a company, you are one of its employee ,

2. A.........................is someone whose job is politics.

3. A woman who works as a....................................does the same job asa waiter.

4. The................................s in a discussion are the same people whoparticipate in it.

5.The person who conducts an orchestra or choir is called the ……………

6. Your...............................is the person who teaches you.

7. A.....................................is someone who earns their living by playingthe piano.

8. If someone examines you, you are the...............................and he orshe is the........................................

Упр. 2.Нижеприведенные суффиксы употребляются для образования существительных, означающих деятельность, процесс, состояние или условие. Ознакомьтесь со списком существительных, образованных при помощи соответствующих суффиксов. В средней колонке напишите существительные, глаголы или прилагательные, от которых они образованы. Первое слово приводится в качестве примера.

СУФФИКС

ГЛАГОЛ/СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ/ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ

НОВОЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ

-аl arrive..........................arrival

-ance.....................................abundance

-су.....................................constancy

-dom.....................................kingdom

-ence.....................................independence

-ful.....................................mouthful

-hood.....................................boyhood

-ing.....................................dancing

-ion.....................................invention

-ism.....................................criticism

-ity.....................................sensitivity

-ment.....................................agreement

-ness.....................................happiness

-ship.....................................ownership

Упр. 3 Суффиксы -en, -ify и -ize употребляются для образования глаголов от существительных и прилагательных. Ознакомьтесь со списком прилагательных и глаголов. Впишите соответствующий глагол в свободные строки. Первое слово дано в качестве примера.

ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ →ГЛАГОЛ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ → ГЛАГОЛ

hardhardenhorrorhorrify

modern.............................memory …………

deep.............................beauty …………

intense.............................sympathy …………

false.............................apology ………….

fat.............................glory ………….

sterile.............................length ………….

Ключи

Упр. 1 1 employee 2 politician 3 waitress 4 participant 5 conductor 6 teacher 7 pianist 8 examinee; examiner

Упр. 2 Arrive, abundant, constant, king, independent, mouth, boy, dance, invent,

criticize, sensitive, agree, happy, owner

Упр. 3 ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ →ГЛАГОЛharden, modernize, deepen, intensify, falsify, fatten, sterilize

СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ→ГЛАГОЛ horrify, memorize, beautify, sympathize, apologize, glorify, lengthen.

Имя существительное

Упр. 1. Вставьте подходящую форму существительного в единственном или множественном числе и согласованного с ним глагола:

1. Her linen _____ from Holland. (to come) 2. The ______ ___ _____ by cheque.(money, to send (Passive) 3. The project received community______. (money) 4. Public _____ ___ like water, everyone helps himself to it. (money, to be) 5. We've got a fascinating piece of ____ for you. (news) 6. News _____ pretty fast. (to travel) 7. The works _____closed today. (to be) 8. She's wearing galoshes in all ________(weather) 9. Money ____the root of all wealth. (tobe)

Упражнение 2. Употребите существительное в единственном или множественном числе:

1) Не wanted this avoided at all cost. (cost, costs)

2) It must be avoided at all costs. (cost, costs)

3) She was hardly conscious of her surroundings, and narrowly missed being run down at a cross-road. (cross-road, crossroads)

4) He saw him crouching by a crossroads in Ballymurphy. (cross-road, crossroads)

5) "I'd prefer not to go into detail." (detail, details)

6) "I'd rather not go into details, if you don't mind.(detail, details)

7) He had told her to write to his club if ever she were ill or in difficulty.(difficulty, difficulties)

8) He went on, without looking at her: "If you find yourself in difficulties, you must tell me first, before anyone else in the world." (difficulty, difficulties)

9) I am waiting to hear your footstep across the gravel. (Footstep, footsteps)

10) ... he could hear footsteps coming up the stairs. (Footstep, footsteps)

11) ...it was the letter of a man who had been exempted from military service on the ground that his conscience would not allow him to fight and attempt to kill the enemy. (ground, grounds)

12) "I suppose we could get some of the men exemption — on the grounds that they're engaged in agriculture." (ground, grounds)

Ключи

Упр.1 1 comes 2. money, was sent 3 moneys. 4. money, is 5. news 6 travels 7 is 8 weathers. 9 is

Упр.2 1. cost, 2. costs 3. cross-road 4. crossroads 5. detail 6. details 7. difficulty

8. difficulties 9. footstep 10. footsteps 11. ground 12. grounds

Глагол

Упр. 1. Употребите Past Indefinite или Past Perfect:

1) The voice was very much softer than ____ _____. (to expect).

2) The meal was more cheerful than Fisher ________ (to expect).

3) ...the occasion wasn't nearly as bad as I ____ _____. (to fear)

4) ...it turned out worse than I ______(to fear)

5) He had yielded quite a little of his confidence to Philip Faber as Philip Faber ___ _______ he should. (to intend)

6) He caught her, as she ______ he should. (to intend)

Упр. 2 Сделайте выбор между Infinitive и GerundI:

1) Then she began ______. (to sob, sobbing)

2) She began______. (to sob, sobbing)

3) ...but 1 had not ceased ______ her. (to love, loving)

4) "I shall never be able to cease _______ her." (to love, loving)

5) ...so he turned a page, the longest of them all, continued _____ (to read, reading)

6) He heard the bedroom door slam, after which he continued _______ (to read, reading)