Ответы по английскому языку (стр. 4 из 5)

livinginRussia.Participatinginthiskind ofdiscussionandexpressingyourviews(eveniftheyare opposite)ismorewelcome thanjustbeingan activelistener.

BringingupthesubjectofRussiancultureandhistorycanbeanappreciatedgesture.Russiansare extremelyeducated--sodon'tbesurprisediftheystarttotalkaboutthehistory(morelikelythanculture)

ofyourowncountry.Beprepared.

Personalquestions arebestavoided,although youmaybesubjecttotheseinquiries.Maketheeffort to

answerthesequestions asbestasyouarewilling to allow,sinceyourRussiancompanionsmaypressyoufordetails.

Thereis tremendous affectionforchildreninthis culture;ifyouareaparent,showingphotographs of yourchildrencanbeaneffectivewayofbuilding good will.

Inconversation,itcanbepermissibleto discussyourfeelingsandhopesforthefuture.Sometimes,your

Russiancompanionswillbefarmoreinterestedinthepersonalsideofyourcharacterthanyourbusiness

agenda.

WelcomeTopicsofConversation thechangestakingplaceinRussiacurrentevents

WorldWarII

economicdifficulties

positivecontrastsandcomparisonsbetweenRussiaandyourcountry[letyourRussiancompanionsbring upthissubjectfirst]

books films

TopicstoAvoid complaintsaboutRussiatheHolocaust

theCzarandthemonarchy

ethnicminorities religion

comparing/contrastingRussiatootherdevelopingcountries comparing/contrastingMoscowandSaintPetersburg

Generallyspeaking,Russianstakepleasureingivingandreceiving gifts.Besuretobringanassortment ofgifts,sothatyouwillalwayshavesomethingappropriatetogive.

Cheapergiftsdonothavetobewrapped,whilemoreexpensive onesshouldbe.

Giftsforchildrenareusuallyopenedinprivate,while giftsforadultsaregenerallyopenedinthe

presenceofothers.Ifyourgiftwas ahit,youwillhearmany'thank-yous.'

Russiansspendalot ofmoneyon gifts.Avoidgivinggiftssuchaspencils,pens,lighters(unless theyare

expensiveones),cheapwineorvodka,notebooks,etc.

WheninvitedtoaRussianhome,bring agiftofchocolates,dessertitems,goodwine,orotheralcohol

[trytoselectsomethingotherthanvodka,whichiswidelyavailable].

Bringingabouquetofflowers(nottooexpensivethough)forwomenyouarevisiting(doesn'treally matterhowmanyofthemareinthefamilyyou'revisiting)is agood idea.Makesureyouhaveanoddnumberof flowers.Evennumbers usuallyareforfunerals.

AppreciatedGifts

wineorotheralcohol[trytoselectsomethingotherthanvodka]

finechocolates[wheninvitedtoahome]

afooditemthatisscarce towels

cameras watches

perfume,cologne[asathank-youforanovernightstay]

clothing[asathank-youforanovernightstay]

Unit 8. Employment

1. Howdopersonnelmanagersactintheircompanies?Whataretheirresponsibilities?

2. Whatis thewaytheprofessionalpeoplecanmakealivingiftheyweremaderedundant?

3. Howcanorganizationsretainhigh-performers?

4. Whatshouldyourememberaboutwhileattendingajobinterview?

1.Howdopersonnelmanagersactintheircompanies?Whataretheirresponsibilities?

Theyactmoreas facilitators forotherdepartments:theydeal withrecruitmentinconjunction with

departmentmanagers,theyadministerpaymentsystemsintandemwithaccounts.Theymaybe responsibleforprovidingtraining,inindustrialrelations theyareinvolvedincomplaints anddisputes procedures.Theyhavetobreakthenewswhenpeoplearedismissed.

Personnelmanagersmaybeinvolvedinactions toeliminateracialandsexualdiscriminationinhiring

andpromotionandtofightharassmentintheworkplace:bullyingandsexualharassment.Theycreate remunerationsystems(schemesofrewards)inordertoincreasemotivation.

2.Whatisthewaytheprofessionalpeoplecanmakealivingiftheyweremaderedundant? Peoplewhoaremaderedundantshouldtrytofindanotherjob.Organizationwhichmakesredundancy oftentrytohelptheirex-employeesandsometimesHRspecialistsofferoutplacementservices.Theyorganizemeetingsforjob-seekers withpotentialemployers.

Professionalpeoplewhoaremaderedundantcanmakealivingasfreelancers,orportfolioworkers,

workingforanumberofclients.

3.Howcanorganizationsretainhigh-performers?

Moneyremainsanimportantmotivatorbutinpracticehigh performers tendtothinkthatitgoeswithout

sayingthattheymustgetagoodfinancialpackage.

Empowermentis anotherimportantmotivatingforce.Ahigh performerwantstofeelthatheorshe

“owns”aproject.

High performers trytodevelop theirskills sothat’s whyworkneedsto bevariedandtimeshouldbe

availableforcreativethinkingand developingnewskills.

Above all,high performers –especially iftheyareyoung– wanttofeelthat organization theyworkfor

regardsthemasspecial.Iftheyfindthatcompanyisn’tinterestedinthemaspeoplebutonlyashigh- performingcommoditiestheywillleavetheirposition.

4.Whatshouldyourememberaboutwhileattendingajobinterview?

Interviewisagoodopportunityforyoutoevaluatethecompany.Goodpreparationforinterviewisakey to success.It’s veryimportanttobringextracopiesofyourCVandtypedlistofreferences.Tomymind

itis veryimportanttofindout asmuchasyoucanaboutyouremployers andthebusiness theyarein. Alsopreparingfortheinterviewthinkaboutyourarrivingatleast15minutesearly.Itisveryimportant

tothinkaboutyourappearanceanddressbeforeinterview.Ofcourseweprefertobehiredbecauseofour skills andabilities,notbecause ofourdress.Butlikeitornotappearanceisimportantanditcreates

image.Yourappearancecanexpressmotivationandprofessionalism.

Ithinkthatit’sveryimportantnottocriticizeyourpreviousemployers.It’spossibletoexplainyour

leavingsayingthatyoudidn’tthinkthatyoucoulduseallofyourabilitiesandskills.Duringthe interviewit’simportanttoexplainwhyyouwouldliketoworkforthiscompanyemphasizing allthe thingsinyourpreviousexperiencethatyouthinkwillbeusefulinthenewjob.It’s importanttorelaxandbeyourself,lookattheinterviewerwhenhe orsheasksyouquestionsandshowgreatinterestinthejob.

Unit9. Trade

1. Whatarethelatesttrendsininternationaltrade?

2. Whydomanycountriesargueforprotectionistmeasuresfortheirindustries?Howdotheydothat?

3. Whatisthemajorconcernininternationaltradeandhowtodealwithit?

4. Whatdoyouknowabout“fairtrade”?

1.Whatarethelatesttrendsininternationaltrade?

Industrialization,globalization,multinational corporations,andoutsourcingarethelatesttrendsin

internationaltrade.Globalizationistheprocessenablingfinancialandinvestmentmarketstooperate internationally,largelyasaresultofderegulationandimprovedcommunications.Itistheemergence sincethe1980sofasingleworldmarketdominatedby multinationalcompanies,leadingtoadiminishing capacityfornationalgovernments tocontroltheireconomies.Consequencesofglobalization: globalizationincreases competitionamongcompanies,globalizationimprovesinternational communicationandunderstanding,tradeliberalization-tradebarriersbecomelower,shippingcosts decrease(costsonsendingordeliverygoods),globalizationdamageslocalgoods,servicesandcultures, ecologicalproblems.

2.Whydomanycountriesargueforprotectionistmeasuresfortheirindustries?Howdotheydo that?

Protectionismisnolongertheorderoftheday inmostplaces;evenifsomedevelopingcountriesargue

that protectionistmeasures arethewaytogettheireconomiesgoing,theyavoidusing theterm.Tradenegotiationsarewell-knownfortheirepiceleventh-hournegotiatingsessions,whereindividualnations argueforwhat theyseeastheirspecificinterests.Countriesargueforprotection oftheirstrategic industries,onestheyconsidervitaltofutureprosperitysuchastheelectronicsindustryinthedeveloped world.Alessdevelopedcountry beginning carassemblymightwanttoprotectitasaninfantindustry. Europeanfarmersarguefortheirsubsidies,wheregovernmentsguaranteefarmersahigherpricethan theywouldnormallygel,makingithardfordevelopingnationstocompeteinagriculturalproducts.The Frenchargueforculturalprotection,pointingouttheuniquenessoftheirfilm industryandwinning restrictions,orquotas,onthenumberofHollywoodproductsthatEuropeimports.

3.Whatisthemajorconcernininternationaltradeandhowtodealwithit?

Onemajorconcernininternationaltradebetweensmallercompaniesis payment.Theexporterwantsto

besureaboutgettingpaidandtheimporterwantstobesureofgettingthegoods.Acommonsolutionis theletterofcredit,whereabankguaranteespaymenttotheexporter'sbankonceitreceivestherelated shippingdocuments,includingthecleanbillsoflading,showingthegoodshavebeenshippedwithout damageorotherproblems.ShippingtermslikeCIF,orCarriageinsurancefreight,wheretheexporter paysforinsuranceofgoodswhiletheyarebeingtransported,arepartofthestandardincotermsdefined bytheInternationalChamberofCommerce.Theseterms areusedin standardcontractsthat formthe basis,with adaptations,formostinternational tradecontracts.

4.Whatdoyouknowabout“fairtrade”?

Fairtradeisanorganizedsocialmovementandmarket-basedapproachtoalleviatingglobalpovertyand

promotingsustainability.Themovementadvocatesthepaymentofafairpriceas wellas socialand environmentalstandardsinareasrelatedtotheproductionofawidevarietyofgoods.Itfocusesin particularonexportsfromdevelopingcountriestodevelopedcountries,mostnotablyhandicrafts,coffee, cocoa,sugar, tea, bananas,honey,cotton,wine,freshfruit,andso on.Fairtrade's strategicintentis to deliberatelyworkwithmarginalizedproducersandworkersinordertohelpthemmovefromapositionofvulnerabilitytosecurityandeconomicself-sufficiency.Italsoaims atempoweringthemtobecome stakeholdersintheirownorganizations andactivelyplaya widerroleinthe global arena toachieve greater equityininternationaltrade.

Unit 10.Quality

1. Whatis TQM?Whatdoesitinvolve?(kanban, justintimemanufacturing, kaizen)

2. WhatisBPR?Whatisitsconcept?Whatisbenchmarking?

3. Whichfeaturesexpresstheideaofqualityinthebestway?Why?

4. Howcanmanufacturersguaranteeproductquality?

1.WhatisTQM?Whatdoesitinvolve?(kanban, justintimemanufacturing,kaizen)

TotalqualitymanagementorTQMwasawatchwordofthe1980s.Thisofteninvolvedemployee

participation,withqualitycirclesofworkersencouragedtosuggestwaysofmakingthingsinbetter ways,Itwas associatedwith aninflux ofotherJapaneseideas,suchasthe kanbansystemofjust-in-time manufacturingorleanmanufacturing,where partsare onlymade andsuppliedwhentheyareneeded,so thatinventories (stocks) ofparts and theneedto financeand storethemareeliminated.A relatedobjectiveisthatofzerodefects,wherethingsaremaderightfirsttime,eliminatingtheneedfor inspectionandreworking.Allthisispartofkaizen:strivingforcontinuousimprovement.

2.WhatisBPR?Whatisitsconcept?Whatisbenchmarking?

TQMgavewayinthe19905tobusinessprocessre-engineeringorBPR,whencompaniesweretoldby theirconsultantsnotjusttotinkerinapiecemealwaywithhowgoodsorservicesareproducedbutto

abolisheverything andtostartagainfromscratch.Theconcept ofleannesswas nowalsoappliedto reducingthenumberofmanagementlayers,andalotofmiddlemanagerslost theirjobs.

Itwasalsointheninetiesthatbenchmarking emerged:theideathatafirmshouldseewhichcompanyperformedaparticulartaskbest,andmodeltheirperformanceonthisbestpractice.

3.Whichfeaturesexpresstheideaofqualityinthebestway?Why?

Tomymindsuchfeaturesofproducts(orservices)asvalueformoney,reliability,durabilityexpressthe ideaofqualityinthebestway.It’sveryimportantforcustomertobesurethathepaysmoneynotonly forbrandbutforqualityofproduct(orservice).WhenIbuysomethingIpaymuchattentiontosuch featuresasafter-salesserviceandguarantee.Ifproducercanprovideitscustomers withlong-continued guaranteeandgoodafter-salesserviceitcanmakenodoubtthatithasa goodcompetitiveadvantage.

4.Howcanmanufacturersguaranteeproductquality?

TheyapplyforthecertificationoftheInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationinordertoreassure theircustomers.Theyprovidecustomerswithlong-continuedguaranteeinordertoreassurethemin product’sdurability.Andofcoursegoodcompanieswhichtakecareoftheircustomersprovidethem withgoodafter-salesservice.

Unit11.Ethics

1. Whatisthepurposeofanybusiness?Isitjusttomakemoney?

2. Why iscorruptionmorecommon in somecountriesthan inothers?Whataretheconsequencesofit?

3. Whichareasofbusinessdonotgiveenoughinformationaboutsocialandenvironmental matters?

4. Howdocompanies dealwithdifferentethicalissues?

1.Whatisthepurposeofanybusiness?Isitjusttomakemoney?

Frommypointofview“moneymaking”isnottheonlyonepurposeofthecommercialcompanies.Any

business wouldliketo obtaintherecognition oftheircustomers andeventheircompetitors. So,themain functionofanyorganizationistomakelivesofitscustomerseasier.Inotherwords,organizationsshould clearlydefinedresponsibilitiestowardsits"clients".

Alltheissuesmentionedabovearecontainedinorganisation’smissionstatement.Sothatmission

statementis abriefstatementofthepurposeofthecompany.Companiessometimes usetheirmission statementasanadvertising slogan,but theintention ofamission statementis tokeepmembers andusers

awareoftheorganization'spurpose.(Example-"Organizetheworld'sinformationandmakeituniversally accessibleanduseful."—Google)

2.Whyiscorruptionmorecommon insomecountriesthaninothers?Whataretheconsequences ofit?

Tomyminditdependsontwofactors:thegrowthofinternationaltradeandthebusinessandthe economicchangesthathave takenplaceinmanycountriesandespeciallyintheeconomiesintransition.

Thus,countries whereis highconcentrationofmoneyandopportunities arepronetodifferentformsofcorruption.Representativeexampleofsuchcountry canbeRussia.

Consequences:

-Reducingpublicsectorwages

-Dissatisfaction with standardofliving

-highlevelofbureaucracy

3.Whichareasofbusinessdonotgiveenoughinformationaboutsocialandenvironmental matters?

Everyyearmoreandmorecompaniesareblamedforgivingalackofinformationaboutsocialand environmentalissues.Inotherwords,whenwetalkabouthowtomakeaprofit,onlyminoritythinking

aboutpollution,socialenvironment,ethicetc.Forexample,factories,producingmanufacturedgoods, don’tpayenoughattention toharmtheycausetoenvironmentandsavemoneyonfilters.Thefood

industryisblamedforobesity.Mobilephoneoperatorsarechallengedtoprotectteenagersfromonline pornography.Recordcompaniesareattackedwhentheysuemusic-loversforsharingillegalfileson the

Internet.Fortunately,nowmorecompaniestakeintoconsiderationenvironmentalandsocialissuesand takeactionastheyregularlyfacerealorpotentialthreattotheirreputation.Now100oftheFTSE250

coverenvironmental,socialandethicalissues.

4.Howdocompaniesdealwithdifferentethicalissues?

Allbusinessesincreasinglywanttobe perceivedasgood citizens.Differenttypes ofbusinessface

differentethicalissues:

•Financialinstitutionstrytopreventinsider tradingbyerectingnotionalbarrierscalledChinesewalls

betweendifferentdepartments(forexample,topreventsomeoneinsharetradingfromdiscoveringfrom themergersdepartmentthataparticularcompanyisinvolvedinmergertalksand thatitsshareprice willsoonrise).

•Companiessellingpersonalfinancepromisetoensurethatclientsaresoldappropriateproductsfortheir

needs,and thusavoidmisselling.

•Manufacturers claimthat theirproductsaregreenorenvironmentallyfriendlyinall stages oftheir

production,useanddisposal.

•Cosmeticscompaniessaythattheirproductsarenottestedonanimals.

•Clothingcompaniesclaimtotradefairlyandthattheirproductsarenotmadeinsweatshopspaying subsistencewagesandusingchildlabour.

Unit 12.Leadership

1. Whydocompaniesincreasinglynurturetheirpotentialleaders?

2. Whatmakesagoodleader? Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmenandwomenleaders?

3. Whatisthe differencebetweenamanagerandaleader?

4. Aretheleadersbornoremade?

1.Whydocompaniesincreasinglynurturetheirpotentialleaders?

Companiesareincreasinglythinkingabouthow tonurturetheirleaders. Forexample,inUS corporate

governancehasbecomeakeyissuewithshareholders.Thehaverejected theprevious cosyarrangments,wheredirectorsappointedpeopletheyknew,to theboard, andnowdemandmuchgeaterscrutinyoverwhois chosenandhow.Itmeans thatleadershouldhave theempowermentandcharismatomotivateto

othersinthe achievementofthegoals,but their qualitiescannotbeseeninisolation.Theremustbe the rightchemistrybetweentheleaderandothertoppeople,andtheymusthavetherightmixof complementaryskills. IfyourCEOleaves aftersixmonthsinthejob,perhaps,afterwhat the papersdescribesas“irreconcilabledifferences”,orasaboardroombattle,thecompanyandtheperceptionofit willsuffer,andso,probably,willitsshareprice.Bythetimeyoufindanotherone,twoorthreeyearsmayhavebeenlost,aneternityin strategicterms.That’s why nurturingleadersis anextremlysensitivetask.