5. You … clean and tidy.
6. You … tactful.
7. You … stupid things.
8. You … lies.
9. You … to bed early if you’re feeling tired.
10. You … so much. Everything will be alright.
11. You … as hard as possible.
12. You … to do your best t become a good specialist.
13. You … a chance to travel while you’re still young.
14. You … making up your mind before you know all the facts.
15. You … your children alone at home.
16. He … his parents more often.
17. All accidents … to the health and Safety officers.
18. The drug … during pregnancy.
19. What … I … if the baby starts crying?
20. The courts … tougher punishment on offenders.
2) Say the sentences using ought to for moral obligation:
1. If your friend is in trouble, you … help her.
2. If your friend is ill, you … visit her very often.
3. If you see a beggar, you … give him some coins.
4. If the child is asleep, you…\not\ make a noise.
5. It’s too late. The children … be in bed.
6. It’s your sister’s birthday. We … send her a present.
7. You … not \ speak too loudly in public.
8. You … not \ be lazy when everybody is working hard.
9. You … not \ smoke in the room when somebody is in.
10. I think you were very rude and you … apologize.
11. Do you think we … get permission before we do it?
12. The government … spend more money on education.
13. We … not \ use animals for experiments.
14. The doctor told Dan he … exercise more.
15. She … not \ drive if she’s been drinking.
Lesson 11
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
Using Databases
Imagine getting the information you need by simply entering command or type on your computer keyboard. Many people do this. They use data-base management system-special software developed for record keeping-to create electronic files. Then the computer does all the work of sorting through the files to retrieve specific information. Data are facts or figures. A data base is a source of facts and figures-it is a collection of related information. A telephone directory is a data base. So is a dictionary… and a television program guide. These collection all differ from one another in both content and format.
Characteristics of a good data base:
A useful data base has four important characteristics.
The more complete a data base is, the more likely it is to have the information that you need. For example you’ll find Dave Winfield’s batting average only if you have his baseball card. You’ll be able to check your friend Jan’s telephone number only if you’ve listed it in your address book.
You might organize facts alphabetically, chronologically, or by topic. How you organize your data base depends on both its content and its intended use. The more structured your data base is the easier it is to find information.
2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Getting the information; simply entering command; keyboard; record keeping; sorting through the files; retrieve specific information; a source of facts; related information; content; format.
3. Find out which form-Present Continuous or Present Simple are correct in the following sentences:
1. I was very tired, so I (go) to bed early. 2. The bed was very uncomfortable. I (not, sleep) very well. 3. Sue wasn’t very hungry, so she (not, eat) anything. 4. We went to Kate’s house but she (not, be) at home. 5. –Would you like something to eat? –No, thanks. I (just, have) lunch. 6. Hello! (You, just arrive)? 7. –Don’t forget to post the letter, will you? –I (already, post) it. 8. –What time is Mark leaving? – He (already go). 9. (It, stop) raining yet? 10. I (write) the letter but I (not, post) it yet.
4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following sentences:
1. Sue (graduate) soon. After that she (begin) to work at an electronics company. 2. Fred (be) at the meeting tomorrow. I think Jane (come) too. 3. – Can you give John a message for me? – Sure. I (see, probably) him at the meeting this evening. 4. The damage we do to our environment today (affect) the quality of life of future generations. 5. – Mr. Andrews (not, be) here next term. He has resigned. – Who (be) the new teacher? Do you know? – Yes. Mary Jefferson. Ms. Jefferson (teach) the same courses Mr. Andrews taught German, physics, and geometry. 6. I (be) in her geometry class. Do you know which algebra class you (be) in next term? 7. This letter is in French, and I don’t speak a word in French. Can you help me? – Sure. I (translate) it for you. 8. Do you want to go shopping with me? I (go) to the shopping center. 9. – his light doesn’t work. The bulb s probably burned out. Where are the new light bulbs? 10. It’s really cold in here. My nose is cold and my fingers are cold too. I (make) a hot cup of tea.
5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:
Great Britain
Great Britain is the heart of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Great Britain has ranked among the leading nations of the world for more than 500 years. The British people have been leaders in many fields – in science, exploration, government, and arts. The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The island of Great Britain includes England, Scotland, and Wales. Northern Ireland, which covers about one fifth of Ireland also is a part of the United kingdom. London is the capital and largest city.
The face of the land varies from one part of the country to another. Great manufacturing cities and thriving farms lie on the green plains of England. Deposits of coal and other valuable minerals are mined in the steep hills and mountains of Wales. The Scottish Lowlands support manufacturing and shipbuilding industries. The low grasslands and mild climate of Northern Ireland provide excellent grazing for livestock.
Great Britain became a world power about 250 years ago, when England was united with Scotland and Wales, but the British people have many traditions that go back thousands of years. They are deeply devoted to the Royal family and their form of government.
6. Language work.
1) Say the sentences using modal verbs in the past actions.
1. He may… not to come. (decide)
2. I might … the keys in the office. (leave)
3. There must … 10 of them in the car. (be)
4. There should … you your money back long ago. (give)
5. I’m sorry, I shouldn’t … at you. (shout)
6. They ought … the police when it happened. (call)
7. Yes, I know. I should … more time studying. (spend)
8. We shouldn’t … such a big car. (buy)
9. I shouldn’t … him of lying. (accuse)
10. He really should … you – though to be fair he’s been very busy. (call)
11. The windows needn’t … today. (clean)
12. We shouldn’t … those shares. (sell)
13. This information should … to the tax authorities two years ago. (give)
14. I shouldn’t … such a valuable air ticket.
15. Someone could … mu money. (steal)
2) Translate from Russian into English using modal verbs:
1. Він повинен підготувати рахунок до наступного понеділка?
2. Чи повинна я сидіти в готелі весь час?
3. Це, мабуть, важка задача.
4. Ти мусиш написати їй хорошого листа.
5. Чи дійсно мені погодитися з цією пропозицією?
6. Хіба ти не мусиш інколи навідувати своїх старих батьків?
7. Що ж мені робити? Яким чином я повинна прийняти участь в цій справі?
8. О котрій годині повинен прибути автобус з Ліверпуля?
9. Вам не потрібно йти туди зараз.
10. Я змушений був економити гроші, щоб заплатити за своє навчання.
Lesson 12
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
Electronics Helps Men
Our age has been called a variety of things: the Space Age, the Electronic Age, the Atomic Age, etc. One of them, however, is very exact and that is the age of Automation.
Automation is considered to be the highest stage in the development of technology. It has made the development of rocket production and nuclear industry possible. Automation is known to be very effective in continuous cycle production rolled stock production and operation of thermal and hydropower plants. Automation of production processes is impossible without automatic control; the required machines based on electronic computations. Electronic computing techniques find broad application in many spheres and are a basis for the development of modern program-controlled machine tools and the controlling of spaceship flights. The following can be given as examples of how electronics helps man.
The letters at the General Post Office are now handled by electronic automats. Not long ago hundreds of women sorted letters arriving from all the world by hand. Now, one girl sits at a control panel watching a screen which is like that of a television set. The address appears on the screen and the girl having read the number of the post office to which the letter is addressed presses the necessary button and the envelope is conveyed to the mail bag which is then taken to the post office indicated on the envelope.
A number of higher learning establishments are installing electronic data processing systems for the counting of educational data. Automatic translating machines, computer-based teaching devices and other different applications of computer technology are the things which help people in their life, work and study.
2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
A variety of things; the age of Automation; the highest stage; production processes; automatic control; electronic computations; computing techniques; program-controlled machine; presses the necessary button; educational data.
3. Translate into English:
1. Минулої зими я вперше в житті бачив сніг. 2. Я знаю Джона багато років. 3. Що ви вже вивчили з того часу як приїхали сюди навчатися? 4. Сподіваюся, ви вже познайомилися з багатьма цікавими людьми. 5. Ви багато мандруєте? Які країни ви вже відвідали? 6. Я бачив Тома вчора, а сьогодні я його не бачив. 7. Шляхи закрито. Сталася аварія. 8. Було тепло, тому я зняв пальто. 9. Кейт не була голодна, тому вона нічого не їла. 10. – Привіт! Ви що, тільки-но приїхали? 11. Дощ уже припинився? 12. Я написав листа, але ще не відправив його. 13. З Різдва стоїть гарна погода. 14. Мені завжди хотілося мандрувати різними країнами. 15. Два роки тому я відвідав Південну Африку.
4. Define which form of will or going to is correct in the following sentences:
1. – Oh! I’ve spilled coffee on my shirt. – Just a minute. I (get) a damp cloth for you. 2. – What do you want to be when you are grown up? – I (be) an astronaut. 3. Do you mind if turn the TV off? I (have) a long distance call, and it’s hard to hear when the TV is on. 4. – Who wants to clean the board? Are there any volunteers?- I (do) it! 5. – Why do you have an eraser in your hand? – I (erase) the mistakes. 6. I think the weather (be) nice later. 7. Look at those black clouds. It (rain). 8. I feel terrible. I think I (be sick).
5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:
Scientific and Technological Progress
The advantages of living in the twentieth century are clear to anyone who spends time in one of the world’s highly developed nations. The disadvantages of modern life, however, are sometimes not so quickly seen. Consider the average man today in contrast with man 200 years ago. Without doubt, man’s life has been eased considerably. Machines now perform for him many of the services that he previously had to do for himself. They cut his grass, wash his car, open and close his doors, walk for him, climb stairs for him, serve him coffee, and both put him to sleep and wake him up to music. In two major areas – transportation and communications- great progress has been made. Mass publishing practices have spread newspapers, magazines, and paperback book around the globe. Relayed across oceans by Telstar satellites, television informs and entertains people in every hemisphere. Mail moves swiftly and efficiently; telephone cables connect all continents. More than any other single invention, the gasoline engine has revolutionized modern life. City streets, clogged with automobile traffic tell us that. More recent discoveries have led to the surge of jet and supersonic plane travel. Even as man darts throughout the world, he is protected from disease as no man before him has been, and he can look forward to living a longer life than his grandfather did. Man now commands a more plentiful supply of the world’s goods. He may own not only a car and a home but also a stove, a refrigerator, a washing machine, books, phonograph records and cameras. Even his old age is better provided for through pension and retirement plans offered by the government and by industry. Thus the advantages of living in the twentieth centuries are many.
6. Language work:
1) Natasha Morozova is having an interview. This is what she is saying about herself. Read the information and say about her using reported speech:
Model: She said that…
1. I live in this city.
2. I came here 3 years ago.
3. I graduated from university 5 years ago.
4. I have a degree in economics.
5. I like to work with people.
6. I’m going to change my present job, because it is not interesting.
7. I don’t like when other people tell me what to do.
8. I want more responsibility.
9. I am interested in working with a good team and reliable people.
10. I will consider your offer and let you know about my decision.
2) Report the requests and commands using He asked me… or He told me…
1. ‘Post this letter immediately.’
2. ‘Send them the fax as soon as possible.’
3. ‘Please don’t disturb me.’
4. ‘Please give me that English-Russian dictionary.’
5. ‘Don’t go on the grass.’
6. ‘Don’t prompt her.’
7. ‘Don’t interfere with my work, please.’
8. ‘Please, do your own business.’
9. ‘Entertain the guests, please.’
10. ‘Don’t make a mess of the job.’
Lesson 13
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
The Computer as a Communication Tool
Communicating by computer is almost as easy as punching the keys on a keyboard. Information is sent electronically from one computer-microcomputer, minicomputer, or mainframe-to another, either via telephone lines or through special cables and wires. What kinds of information can be sent? You name it: magazine articles, airline reservations, bank transactions, statistics, news reports, job listings, games, movie reviews, business correspondence, football scores, computer programs, personal messages, stock prices, medical records, graphic images, weather reports.
Advantages of computer communication:
Computer communication is playing an increasingly important role not only in offices but also in schools, hospitals, libraries, and homes. People are realizing that sending and receiving information electronically offers several advantages:
1. Fast, accurate, and direct exchange of information. Sending and receiving data electronically takes only a fraction of the time needed to send it by mail or messenger. And since the information goes directly to the receiver, the sender doesn’t have to worry about lost packages or incorrectly addressed envelopes.
2. Rapid information processing. Computers can sort or search through huge amounts of information in a flash. Suppose you were a lawyer who needed a history of all court cases involving the theft of government secrets. How could you get the information? Well, you could go to a law library and search through the reference books. That might take you five hours. You could, instead, use a computer that is electronically linked to a special data bank of legal information. Using that method, you could obtain the information in less than an hour- and never even leave your law office.