Some mainframes do a single job, such as copying and storing the information generated by a laboratory experiment. Others perform many different tasks.
Hundreds of people may be logged on a large mainframe at the same time. Such users are said to be timesharing. In this situation, the mainframe appears to be processing information for all the users every instant. However, the computer is actually switching rapidly from program to program, doing a small amount of work on one, and then hurrying to another.
The fastest mainframes are called supercomputers. These machines are used for major projects, such as the design of aircraft, the study of weather system, and the design and analysis of drug molecules. Supercomputers are few in number because they are extremely expensive. Supercomputer users-mostly scientists and engineers at large scientific installations-sometimes run programs by means of long-distance telephone networks. The fastest supercomputers are parallel computers. They are fast because they have dozens or even hundreds of microprocessors that operate at the same time. Each processor works on a separate piece of a program. Minicomputers and super minis have many of the capabilities of mainframes, but they are smaller, less expensive, and less powerful.
2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Mainframes; the fastest computers; the largest storage system; handle more information; perform many different tasks; processing information; supercomputers; major projects; extremely expensive; parallel computers.
3. Translate into English:
1. Цей будинок збудовано в 1980 році. 2. У цій кімнаті вчора прибирали. 3. – Ти ходив на вечірку? – Ні, мене не запросили. 4. Спочатку книгу було написано французькою мовою, а потім перекладено іспанською. 5. Коли Рон був маленький, його виховували дідусь і бабуся. 6. Де було зроблено ці фотознімки. 7. Усі польоти відмінили через туман. 8. Я гадав, що наша розмова записується. 9. Я народився в Чикаго. А де народився ти? 10. Мені запропонували роботу, але я відмовився. 11. Їм заплатили за роботу 100 доларів. 12. Міст було зруйновано під час грози. 13. Скільки запитань тобі поставили під час іспиту? 14. Шлях закрили кілька днів тому. 15. Новий будинок купили за 100 тисяч доларів.
4. Translate into English:
1. – ти йдеш за покупками? – Так, я збираюся купити щось на вечерю. 2. – Алло! Можна поговорити із Джимом? – Я покличу його. 3. Не хвилюйся за лист, який ми загубили. Я впевнений, що ти знайдеш його. 4. Сьогодні ввечері я йду на вечірку. Підеш зі мною? 5. – Ви вже вирішили, куди поїдете у відпустку? – Так, ми збираємося поїхати до Англії. 6. Не хвилюйся за результати іспиту. Я впевнена, що ти його складеш. 7. Іде дощ. Не виходь, бо промокнеш.
5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:
Environmental protection
Abilities and powers of man are increasing now. Technological progress allowed to use nuclear, chemical, laser, biological, and other machines and technologies instead of hand-operated and mechanical techniques. However, scientific and technological progress, as a rule, was separated from social progress. Such approach has let a man use the means negative consequences of which are globally destructive. 100 billion tons of minerals are mined annually, and more than 90% of them go in waste. Amount of oxygen, consumed by certain countries, already exceeds its manufacture by the plants of these countries. Tropical forests-main ‘lungs’ of the Earth-is more than 40% felled. The speed of its felling is more than 20 hectares per minute. Almost one thousand of species of animals and 25 thousand species of plants are now under the threat of extinction. Recently medicine has aced the problems of worsening natural ecological conditions, chronic stresses, reduction of immunity, change of nutrition ration, and many other factors, unknown by now. Felling forests, pollution of environment by industrial waste and automobiles have already caused global warmth on the planet. Misuse of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, water pollution, impact of Chernobyl accident on the people-this is not a complete list of the factors determining dangerous changes in human organism and growth of diseases and death rate. Man is now using permissive principle and its trying to take everything from his life today. Mankind has driven itself into a dead-end… However, we still have an exit from it. The quality of man’s life is impossible without solving ecological problems: preservation of genetic fund of flora and fauna, preservation of clean and productive natural environments (atmosphere, hydrosphere, soils, and forests), preservation of ozone. Only having realized that the reason of the ecological crisis which burst in the 20 century was lack of unity of Man and Nature, civilization can achieve progress.
6. Language work:
1) Translate from Ukrainian into English using the infinitive:
1. Вона не чекала, що її син повернеться так рано.
2. Вони хотіли, щоб я взяла участь у дискусії.
3. Я не можу уявити тебе одягнутою в таку сукню.
4. Ми не хочемо примушувати тебе жити тут.
5. Ви винайдете новий метод.
6. Постарайтесь примусити його пояснити, що відбувається в домі.
7. Чарльз чекав, щоб двері відчинились.
8. Ми бачили, що шторм наближається дуже швидко.
9. Я чув, хтось грав на фортепіано в сусідній кімнаті.
10. Я не можу дозволити, щоб таке сталось.
2) Finish the sentences using the infinitive and translate the sentences into English:
1. Dick is always the first (жалітися) when anything goes wrong.
2. The captain was the last person (покидати) the sinking ship.
3. Who was the last (пішов з) the building on Friday?
4. Douglas isn’t the man (залякати) easily.
5. There is some packing (зробити).
6. There was nothing (видно) in the passage.
7. There is nothing (боятися).
8. I’ve got kids (турбуватися).
9. He had no home (піти).
10. Here is the problem for you (вирішити).
Lesson 17
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
CD-ROM
A CD-ROM is the same size, and works in the same way, as an audio compact disc. On one side of the CD-ROM are tiny pits and flat spaces that represent 0’s and 1’s. A laser device uses a beam of light to ‘read’ the disc, producing bit charges. Most new PC’s have a built-in CD-ROM drive to play the discs.
A standard CD-ROM can store about 650 megabytes, roughly equivalent to 325000 pages of double-spaced typewritten text. Because of their high capacity, CD-ROM’s are the primary means of distributing multimedia programs. Such programs combine several forms of information-text, illustration, animation, and sound.
A kind of optical disc called the DVD appeared in 1996. A DVD is the same size as a CD-ROM but can store much more information. A DVD stores data on one or more sides. Capacities range to a total of 17 gigabytes for storage on both sides. The DVD requires a special drive, which can also play CD-ROMs.
Yet another kind of storage disc, called a platter. Works like a CD-ROM, but is much larger and can hold many gigabytes of data.
Platters are expensive, so most of them are used by businesses, government agencies, and institutions for storing large databases.
Tape drives, that is used to store data works in much the same way as audio cassette tapes. Tape drives are much slower than disc drives are. The main use of type drives for file storage is to back up information stored oh hard discs.
2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Works in the same way; an audio compact disc; flat spaces; a laser device; producing bit charges; to play the discs; roughly equivalent; high capacity; combine several forms; storage disc.
3. Use the correct form of Past Simple or Continuous in the following sentences:
1. The film wasn’t very good. I (not, enjoy) it very much. 2. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I (not, disturb) her. 3. I was very tired, so I (go) to bed early. 4. The bed was very uncomfortable. I (not, sleep) very well. 5. Sue wasn’t hungry, so she (not, eat) anything. 6. We went to Kate’s house but she (not, be) at home. She (study) at the library. 7. They (have) dinner from 2 to 3. 8. It was a funny situation but nobody (laugh). 9. The window was open and bird (fly) into and out of the room. 10. The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It (not, cost) very much.
4. Find out which form- Present Simple or Present continuous should be used in the following sentences:
1. He (play) tennis on Monday afternoon. 2. She (go) to the dentist on Tuesday morning. 3. They (have) dinner with Ann on Friday. 4. What (you, do) on Sunday evening? I (go) to the theater. 5. What time (Cathy, arrive) tomorrow? At 10.30. I (meet) her at the station. 6. I (not, work) tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere. 7. Tan (not, play) on Saturday. He’s hurt his leg. 8. What (you, go) to do on Saturday evening?
5. Read and translate the text and use it in your own speech:
Shopping
Last year I was in Great Britain on an exchange student’s trip. On my last day in London I went shopping to Oxford Street, as it is one of the busiest trade centers in London. The shops in Great Britain are always well stocked but the prices are too high. Most of the people were wandering from one department to another looking at various articles on the counters and rails.
First I bought some souvenirs for my relatives, I bought some English books, an umbrella for my sister, a pullover for my brother and a woolen skirt for my mother. Then I made some purchases for myself. In the shoe department I tried on a pair of shoes. They were not too expensive and looked great. Unfortunately, they pinched a little, so I asked for another pair, a size larger. The shoes were just my size and I took them. Then I bought a raincoat, which fitted me perfectly and was very much in the latest style. I also wanted to buy a shirt for my father but the one I liked very much was too loud for him in my opinion. I found it hard to choose a scarf as there was a great variety of them and I was at a loss which one to take. I also bought some souvenirs for my friends in the souvenirs department. So, it was a great shopping day for me.
6. Language work:
1) Read and write the following cardinal; numerals:
- 3; 13; 30; 4; 14; 40; 5; 15; 50; 2; 12; 20; 8; 18; 80.
- 21; 82; 35; 44; 33; 55; 96; 67; 79; 41; 53; 22.
- 143; 258; 414; 331; 972; 205; 101; 557; 999; 313.
- 1 582; 7 111; 3 013; 5 612; 2 003; 9 444; 4040.
- 15 500; 57 837; 45 971; 92 017; 65 331; 11 443.
-235 142; 978 218; 106 008; 321 103; 627 344; 552 331.
-1 352 846; 4 125 963; 35 756 394; 257 382 761.
2) Form, read and write ordinal numerals from the following:
a) 7; 4; 8; 9; 5; 12; 3; 2; 1; 13; 15; 11; 10.
b) 20; 21; 30; 32; 40; 43; 50; 54; 60; 75; 80; 98.
c) 100; 120; 125; 200; 230; 231; 300; 450; 563; 892.
Lesson 18
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
Computer Networks
The communication of data over telephone lines and by radio is one of the most important and influential uses of computers. Using modems, people can send texts and graphic files, exchange messages, and search databases over worldwide computer networks. As more of the world’s information is digitized, more people seek access to the global ‘digital library’. The combination of computers, modems, databases, and communications lines has become known as the information superhighway.
The World Wide Web consists of tens of millions of documents, databases, bulletin boards, and electronic publications, such as newspapers, books, and magazines. Much of the information has been converted from print into digital form, but even more has been created specifically for the Web.
Every site on the Internet-whether a World Wide Web site or not-has a computer address is known as the site’s uniform resource locator (URL). Using software that connects to the Internet-called navigation or browser software-a computer operator can select a URL that contains information the operator wishes to examine. The computer then contacts that address, making the information available to the operator.
Computers can connect to the Internet through local access providers, computer services that operate in most communities. The user pays the provider a monthly fee. To gain access to the Internet, the user contacts the provider via modem. The provider then connects the user to the Internet.
On-line services are commercial computer networks to which subscribers pay monthly or hourly fees. The largest on-line services have millions of subscribers. Most services provide news, bulletin boards, databases, games, software libraries, and other features, often including Internet access.
2. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Communication; telephone lines; using modems; exchange messages; search databases; worldwide computer networks; information is digitized; seek access; information superhighway; a computer operator.
3. Use the correct form of Past Simple or Continuous in the following sentences:
1. Who (cook) the cakes when Sue (phone)? 2. I don’t want to go to the zoo today because it is raining. The same thing happened yesterday. I (want, not) to go to the zoo because it (rain). 3. I (call) Roger last night, but he (be, not) at home. He (play) tennis. 4. He (cry) a lot when he was a baby. 5. I often see Mike. I (see) him again only yesterday. 6. As teenagers, we always (understand) each other very well. We still understand each other. 7. I hardly (know) Ray’s wife. Did you know her at all? 8. We always meet on Sunday. We (meet) last Sunday from 5 to 7 o’clock. 9. I often find things on the beach. I (find) this very old bottle yesterday. 10. Someone’s always leaving that window open. Who (leave) it open last time?
4. Find out which form- Present Simple or Present continuous should be used in the following sentences:
1. The train (leave) Plymouth at 11.30 and (arrive) in London at 14.45. 2. What time (the film, begin)? 3. It (be) Wednesday tomorrow. 4. I (start) my new job on Monday. 5. What time (you, finish) work tomorrow? 6. What time (you, meet) Ann tomorrow. 7. What time (you, leave) tomorrow? 8. What time (the train, leave) tomorrow? 8. I (go) to the cinema this evening. 9. The film (start) at 8.15 this evening.
5. Language work:
1) Answer the following questions:
1. How much is 17 plus 19?
2. How much is 25 plus 32?
3. How much is 120 plus 205?
4. How much is 13 minus 4?
5. How much is 200 minus 45?
6. How much s 7 multiplied by 8?
7. How much is 42 divided by 6?
2) Read and write out in words the following common and decimal fractions:
a) 1/7; 1/5; 1/9; 1/3; 1/12; 1/15; 1/25; 3/8; 2/5; 4/7; 9/23; ѕ; 5/9; 1 3/40; 1 3/5; 2 5/7; 5 1/3; 4 1/6.
b) 3.5; 2.34; 12.3; 52.51; 0.1; 0.25; 0.302; 132.054; 5.37; 6.4.
Lesson 19
1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
The Computer Industry
The manufacture, development, sales, and servicing of computer hardware and software make up one of the largest industries in the world. The United States has the world’s largest computer industry, employing more than 2 million people. The United States also have more computers than any other country. Japan ranks second in number of computers.
Manufacturing. From a few dozen companies in the early 1960’s, the computer industry has grown to more than 10 000 firms throughout the world. These companies manufacture computers and such peripheral equipment as modems and printers. They also develop and publish software and provide computer supplies, such as magnetic discs. Many companies make computer components, including processors. Others make the boards and cables used to create networks.