Edison And His Brilliance Essay, Research Paper
Edison’s and His Brilliance
Thomas A. Edison earned his reputation as one of America’s greatest inventors and heroes. Full of innovation, ingenuity, and enterprise, Edison “embodie[d] much of what Americans have felt was positive about the national experience. ” Edison can put claim to 1093 US patents in addition to thousands more international patents. His works include such major contributions as advancements in telegraphy, the phonograph, a perfected nickel-iron-alkaline battery, and the first commercially successful incandescent lighting system. As shown by his many patents, Edison not only contributed innovative technologies to society, but he was also a successful entrepreneur. Edison’s success with the incandescent light was not only one of his greatest achievements, but also one of man’s greatest achievements. Edison began tinkering with the notion of incandescence in 1876 up to 1878, when he dedicated his efforts to produce an economical electric light. He combined both his stunning intellect with his spirit for hard work to produce some of the world’s greatest inventions. Finally in 1879, after nearly four years of tedious work, Edison’s first success came about with the use of a carbonized cotton thread.
History of Thomas A. Edison
Born on February 11, 1847 to Samuel and Nancy Edison, Thomas spent the first seven years of his life in Milan, Ohio, his place of birth. In 1854, opportunity took the Edison family to Port Huron, Michigan, a city twice the size of Milan. Edison’s formal education ended after only three months of private schooling; he “responded poorly to the regimented atmosphere of the school,” which caused some to see Edison as a “problem child. ” However, Edison’s mother, a former school teacher, began educating Thomas at home. Edison credits some of his creativity to his non-formal education, claiming that formal education,
“cast ‘the brain into a mould’ and ‘[did] not encourage original thought or reasoning,’ laying
‘more stress on memory than on observation.’ “.
Early on, Nancy provided Edison with physical science and chemistry books, from which he would experiment. This set in motion Edison’s interest and fascination with the scientific and inventive processes.
At the age of twelve, Edison began his work as a railroad concessionist, selling newspapers and snacks on trains. During his breaks, Edison would experiment in the baggage cars, one of which he later set on fire. Edison’s shift in career to telegraphy was a fortunate event for him. “One day he saved a boy’s life and in gratitude the father taught Edison how to become a telegraph operator. ” Later, Edison migrated to New York and found himself in a high paying job for having repaired a broken stock ticker machine during a financial crisis. In 1869, Edison swore to move from being a simple operator to a scientific inventor, and later, he sold an improved stock ticker, which allowed him to open a workshop in New Jersey to become a full-time inventor. “The laboratory was a forerunner of today’s modern research facility, and itself was a great invention. ” Here, Edison improved the typewriter, making it possible for the first time to type faster than could be written by hand. And in 1876, Edison moved to the famous Menlo Park in New Jersey, where one of his first inventions included an improved telephone with a carbon transmitter so people would no longer need to shout into the phone.
Over the next six years, Edison and the Menlo Park team produced more than 400 patents. One such major invention includes the phonograph, Edison’s personal favorite and “one of the most original inventions ever devised “, which he again later improved for commercial use. He was trying to find a way to record telegraph messages automatically with the application of a paraffin-coated paper tape, embossed by a stylus with dots and dashes. The tape made a similar sound to human speach, and so Edison attempted to connect a telephone diaphragm to the embossing needle. In his first demonstration, Edison recited “Mary Had A Little Lamb,” which the phonograph was perfectly able to reproduce. With the ability to record, the phonograph led to the development of the music industry today. This invention earned Edison the nickname, “The Wizard of Menlo Park”. While the Wizard’s earliest hopes for the phonograph focused on education and business, Edison envisioned the phonograph as a
“way to record books for blind people, to teach elocution, to record lectures, to
preserve the voices of historically important people, to perform office dictation, to
log telephone messages, and finally to record music. ”
He even imagined the application of the phonograph towards talking dolls and other toys. Also at this time, Edison began his work with the development of the incandescent electric light. Although he did not invent the electric light or incandescent lamp, Edison was the first to construct an economically viable model. His entrepreneurial skills allowed him to realize what people needed, which resulted in his many improvements of existing technology. Earlier in his life while still a telegraph operator, Edison had invented an electric vote-counting machine, his first perfected invention. Edison spoke to a Congressional committee about this, but was refused because the machine was too fast for the processes of that time. It was from this incident that Edison vowed “‘?never to invent anything that nobody wanted.’ ”
Edison neither invented the electric light nor incandescent lamp, but he was the first to produce an economically viable model. He foresaw electricity as a great means for the future and desired a substitute for gas as a means of lighting the home. From his experience and background, Edison realized that the key would be finding the proper filament, some carbonized thread that did not contain air unlike the wires and rods applied by his peers. October 19, 1879 marked his first success with the application of a carbonized cotton thread which some say burned for forty hours, while others say fifteen. Nonetheless, this success was a major milestone. Later, Edison made lamps suitable for commercial use with bamboo filaments. In September of 1882, Edison opened the first commercial central station in New York with 400 lamps wired to his own dynamos (electric generators).
After only five years at Menlo Park, Edison and his team abandoned this facility. “Only a few years after its occupancy, the team deserted the building and left it to crumble. ” Did Edison fail? No, success not failure was the reason for this. Menlo Park served its occupants by isolating them and reducing the noise experienced in a big city.
In 1887, Edison moved to a larger laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey, where he dedicated much of his time to perfecting his previous inventions. It was here that Edison developed the kinetoscope, a forerunner to the motion picture camera. Later when “George Eastman developed celluloid-based photographic film?flexible enough to thread through a wheel, ” Edison created the first movie studio in West Orange by connecting the phonograph and the camera to make talking pictures. However, the machine was flawed and Edison put it aside to allow others to correct its faults. Some of his later inventions and improvements include the storage battery, cement mixer, and his last invention, synthetic rubber from goldenrod plants.
Edison died on October 18, 1931. Henry Ford, already an Edison fanatic and later a great inventor himself, moved the Menlo Park laboratory to Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. His efforts helped to preserve the tremendous legacy of Edison.
History of Light
Conquering darkness has always been one of man’s perpetual goals. With the invention of fire in prehistoric times, man was able to conquer darkness so long as he had fuel (wood) to burn. This was later adapted to the torch with pitch, resin, or fat to extend the burning time. Soon the Egyptians developed a well shaped oil lamp, which remained unchanged for a long time. For thousands of years, people applied the dim flickering oil lamps, until physicist Aime Argand noticed his younger brother at play with a bottle and an oil lamp. Then glass cylinders for lamps came into use and increased the brightness of lighting.
Pine torches, however, still filled the larger rooms of temples and palaces as they gave out more than ten or twenty times as much light as a lamp. By the end of the second century A.D., the Romans began to soak flax strings in tallow or beeswax, but candles held a high price. Until the nineteenth century, many improvements were made upon the wax candle, but even then, many rooms were still dimly lit.
The next big innovation was the development of the gas lamp by William Murdock. One night, Murdock filled a pig’s bladder with gas, stuck one end of his pipe into it, and lit the gas on the other end. Luckily no air had mixed with the gas, or else Murdock would have been killed. In any case, with the help of Samuel Clegg, Murdock developed gas lighting after several years of work. Now Clegg needed to convince city officials to employ their gas lighting system, which he did very unusually.
“Samuel Clegg invited the whole borough council, together with their expert advisor, to breakfast and afterward showed the gentlemen the site of the gasworks. When they entered the building housing the gas holder Clegg?seized a pickax, struck a hole in the gas holder, and set light to the jet of gas that poured out. ”
Clegg had carefully locked the door, so the officials could not escape. Once they observed that they had survived the trial, the officials supported the institution of gas as a citywide lighting system. Once people realized that gas lighting was not dangerous, it became highly widespread, reaching Paris in 1817, Berlin in 1826, Vienna in 1833, and London in 1819. Then, the discovery of electricity provided another potential power source.
People knew that electric signals could be sent along wires, but they also realized that electric current could be used to generate heat. With the appropriate resistance, intense heat could be generated to produce light. The first to know and demonstrate this discovery was Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. By connecting two charcoal rods to the two terminals of the battery and moving these rods close to one another, “a dazzlingly brilliant ray of light formed between them. ” The evolution of cheaper power sources and materials increased the feasibility of this arc lighting system. Several advancements were made with the arc lighting, however all were too powerful for domestic use.
This changed in 1848, when Heinrich Goebel produced a perpetually burning incandescent bulb, using eau-de-Cologne bottles for his vacuum and carbonized bamboo from his cane. From then on, the goal of inventors was not the basic idea of electric lighting but a practical application of these ideas. Here, Edison stepped into the electric light scene. “The name Thomas Alva Edison would have gone down in the history of inventions if he had created nothing else than the incandescent bulb, but he achieved a great deal more. ”
In addition to developments with the electric light bulb, major advancements were occurring in the field of electricity. French scientist Jean Benard Leon Foucault began the movement towards large, inexpensive power sources by instituting dynamo engines in place of galvanized batteries. Soon, Edison would also enter the field of power and electricity.
Edison’s process of experimenting with the light bulb was a highly systematic form of trial and error. Edison’s search was highly focused because he had realized the need for the proper filament early in his experimenting; and Edison was no stranger to trial and error experimenting. Although later successful, Edison’s work with the storage battery is a clear example of this. His tests included nearly 10,000 experiments, all failed, yet Edison concluded, “‘?I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that won’t work. ‘” Clearly, Edison was not only brilliant as a scientist but also hard working.
Finally, after thousands of trials and failures with thousands of various filaments, the Menlo Park team had its greatest success in 1879 with a carbonized cotton thread. Edison was able to reduce the rapid burn-up of the filament by hermetically sealing the bulb with improved vacuum pumps. These major breakthroughs led to more interest and more experimentation, which led to the application of better filaments such as bamboo, osmium, and today’s tungsten. Edison would later make his own improvements upon the vacuum pump. The discoveries of luminous tubes and mercury vapor luminescence further reduced the costs and increased the quality of electric lighting.
In addition to the development of better filaments, Edison needed to devise a generator capable of powering buildings, ships, and even cities. This he called the dynamo, which also led to the development of the jumbo dynamo. Several of these jumbo dynamos were capable of powering city districts.
Edison amazed crowds but still had far to go before producing a commercial setting for his light. After several years of additional work and experimenting in every aspect of electric lighting from power to resistance, Edison’s incandescent light bulb began to catch more public interest. In 1882, the Pearl Street Station operated to power nearly 1300 lamps and a year later 10,300 lamps in New York City. Electricity began to replace gas as the main power source for homes, despite defaming efforts by many gas companies. “The success of the Pearl Street Station marked the beginning of the electrical power era. ”
The Inventive Process
The cornerstone of Edison’s scientific approach was his patience for trial and error experimentation. Although known as a weak method, one which can fundamentally be applied to any type of problem, the process of trial and error served as the foundation of all Edison’s inventions. In many cases, he would notice a problem or a lack with a present device; from this, Edison would test various methods to eliminate this problem or fill the need. His inventions of the improved telegraphing methods, stock tickers, electric light bulbs, batteries, and many more demonstrate this. Edison summed up his own personal feelings about thinking and creativity when he said, “genius is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration. ” This is truly a work ethic he followed as demonstrated by his hard work and dedication to inventing. Even still, many of Edison’s assistants refuted this statement with their own lack of intuitiveness, ingenuity, and invention.
Edison was not bothered by the particulars of organization in his thoughts. He kept extensive records of his thoughts and findings, over four million pages of writing. Due to his constant observations and ideas, historians began to equate Edison and Leonardo da Vinci in the field of invention and ingenuity.
In addition to his many patented inventions, Edison dabbled with many other ideas. One example would be his thoughts on human flight nearly three decades before the Wright Brothers’ historic flight. Between inventive flurries, Edison’s mind would wander even into calligraphy or poetry, which he recorded with his notes.
To limit distractions and noise from big cities, Edison conceived the idea of “invention factories.” By keeping a well-stocked laboratory, Edison was able to provide the proper work environment for his employees and assistants. By having a chemistry lab, machine shop, and brilliant group under one roof, Edison was able to produce hundreds of inventions at his laboratory.
Edison’s core group of handpicked assistants included “university-educated men specially chosen because of their expertise in fields in which Edison felt himself to be deficient. ” From his work, Edison formed intimate relationships with Charles Batchelor, his chief assistant, and John Kruesi, head of his machine shop. Edison saw these bonds as essential for Menlo Park’s success and would suspend work in the absence of Batchelor.
“Francis Upton, a newer member of the group, remarked that Edison, Bachelor,
and Kruesi made and ideal combination, since ‘Mr. Edison with his wonderful
ideas?always thinks in three dimensions. Mr. Kruesi?would distribute work so
as to get it done with marvelous quickness and great accuracy. Mr. Batchelor was
always ready for any special fine experimenting or observation?’ ”
Upton himself later became a vital part of the Menlo team as chief scientific assistant during the electric lighting project, Edison’s and Menlo Park’s greatest success. Batchelor provided Edison with his expertise of mathematics, while Upton brought highly developed skills in physics. Arthur Kennelly, Edison’s chief electrical engineer, became yet another important member of the Menlo team. Finally, although not directly involved with the inventing, Grosvenor Lowrey advised Edison on all his financial and political matters. This compiled effort allowed Edison to focus more on the problem at hand, inventing.
Because he had received little in terms of formal schooling, Edison’s knowledge is a product only of his readings and self-experience. However, he had a wide background of careers, which provided him with a great deal of experience. To solve this problem with the incandescent light, Edison relied on his background in electromagnetism, relay mechanics, and circuitry laws from his work in telegraphy. In addition his work with the phonograph expanded his knowledge of conductivity. Edison’s work with batteries provided him with a background in electrochemistry. While working on the battery, Edison attended classes at Cooper Union to learn the necessary chemistry. He later applied this knowledge to his work with generators and dynamos as power sources.