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How in the 20th century physicists, chemists and biologists answered the question: what is life?
V.P. Reutov
Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
ul. Butlerova 5-a, 117485 Moscow, Russian Federation
E-mail: valentinreutov@mail.ru
A.N. Schechter
National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
E-mail: alans@intra.niddk.nih.gov
The most essential achievements in 20th century biology are analyzed and the question of how throughout the last century physicists, chemistsandbiologistsansweredthequestion"Whatislife?"isconsidered.Themostconsiderablescientiécachievementof20thcentury biology, and perhaps of all science, is considered by many to be the discovery by biologist J. Watson and physicists F. Crick and M. Wilkinson that resulted in establishing the DNA structure. The related work of well-known scientists of the USA and Europe,
E.Schrodinger,L.Pauling,M.Perutz,J.Kendrew,andoftheRussianscientistsN.K.Koltsov,N.V.Timofeev-Resovsky,G.A.Gamow, A.M. Olovnikov, is analyzed. Presently, when the structure of DNA, the process of gene expression and even the genomes of human beingsarealreadyknown,scientistsrealizethatwestilldonotknowmanyofthemostimportantthings.Inouropinion,the20thcentury studies of nucleic acids largely ignored the principle of the cyclic organisation of DNA. In this connection, we analyze the principle of cyclicity, which in its generality may well complement the concept of the atomic structure of matter.
PACS numbers: 01.65.+g, 01.70.+w, 87.15±v DOI: 10.3367/UFNr.0180.201004d.0393 Bibliography Ð 138 references Received 26 March 2009, revised 30 September 2009
Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk 180 (4) 393±414 (2010) Physics±Uspekhi 53 (4) (2010)