From the stylistical layers point of view here we find words belonging to common literary vocabulary. ( foriegnisms, barbarisms)
Stylistico -functional labels include the labels denoting words according to their usage & functioning. Here we may point out:
-purely stylistico- functional labels
access card tdmkit means that the word functions in economics and bu siness,
AC/DC sl the word is used by a certain group of people -mixed stylistico -functional labels
beaut AmE&AustrEinfml the word is u sed both in American & Australian English in informal situat ion s, billy-o BrE old-fash sl the word belongs to British English and is used as the outdated slang.
bevy dial sl the word is limited to a particular area & is there as slang. ampfml-tech it is a term used in formal situations.
Here we may find the words belonging to all the layers of the word-stock of the English Language. As beaut belongs to common literary vocabulary, bevy — to special colloquial nonstandard (non-literal) vocabulary . Some words having the notation AmE old-fash, SrE becoming old-fash may be referred to special literal vocabulary. Such labels as infml becoming rare, inflesp.BrE belonging to words which come from common colloquial vocabulary. But there is a number of labels that makes it difficult to identify to which layer this or that word belongs because the natations may indicate different layers.
old-fash BrE infml — as we considered it earlier the label old-fash indicates special literary vocabulary & archaic words in particular, the label infml evidently shows common colloquial vocabulary.
BrE oid-fashsl- where sl indicated nonstandard group of the word-stock. The existence of such labels confirms the fact that there are differen t degrees of bookishness &colloquialness. In accordance to the combinations of labels the words marked, e.g. BrEinfmIsl or BrE old-fash slmay be found bordering on common literary & special colloquial vocabulary, such words may pass into another layer, (taking into con sideration I.R. Calpe rin point of view).
Stylistico-sementical labels indicate emotional state, attitude of the speaker by means of the marked word,in other words this label shows the type of connotation that is typical of the word. E.g. bouncing (of babies esp)appnec. - this word is u sually u sed about healthy and active people with a kind of administration,
catchpenny derog - something that is cheap & useless, but is done to be attractive. The word is used with negative connotation & show s not delightful attitude towards such things.
Sometimes to show some peculiarities, some overtones of the semantics of the word some additional indexes are used:
anatomy - 2. body of a person or animal - has the label often humor. We know that in this very meaning thi s word is used frequently with humour.
breeches now usu. humor (in the meaning trousers). We may suppose that this word didn' t have any emotional colour but nowaday s it has become some stylistical connotations.
activist sometimes derog - sometimes this word may be used derogatorily depending on the speaker 's attitude & emotional state.
Here we refer the label taboo, as prohibition of the usage is aroused by the high emotions that are connected with annoyance when taboo marked word is used. Prohibition is usually accompanied with the labels sl or derog, because they may express annoyance as well.
ball (in the meaning nonsense) taboo sl derog. These stylistically marked words belonging to this group we may find both in colloquial & literary vocabulary & in nonstandard vocabulary, because emotions are human being characteristics which are reflected in emotiveness & expressiveness of the word s used by people independently on the layer.
boon-docks AmE infml humor accept the main meaning - a rough country area far from any town , where few people live - we see that this word belongs to American English , is used in informal situations (common colloquial vocabulary) & the emotions that are expressed by this word are humorous.
broad 2)AmEderog sl in the meaning woman.
We know that this word is used in American English Slang (nons tandard) expressing negative derogatory emotions. That is why before using this word regarding for women one should keep in mind and consider what reaction one can call by such stylistical colours,
blue-eyed-boyinfml esp. BrE,usu derog - someone favourite male person — so we may use this word in informal situations keeping in m ind that the British would understand you better than American & the fact that by using this word one can offend somebody.
This stylistical group of labels include the words of any layer, that is why the label s themselves should be examined thoroughly for proper usage.
There is a group of words the labels of which indicate the choice of usage.
beseem fml or old use (to be suitable or proper for) th e word is used either in formal situations or by senior citizens,
appendage med or fml ( in the meaning an arm or leg) the word is used either as a term or as a word acc eptable in formal situations,
bibulous humor or pomp(liking to drink too much alcohol) the word may express humor or may show foolish self-important attitude, In some cases we may face the fact that some stylistic notation's indexes suggesting the choice of usage may be opposed to each other: either the functions or sphere of usage are opposed or the emotions that can be expressed.
bible thumper AmE infml humor or derog (a person who tries to attract people to Christianity in a loud & unpleasant way) . The choice of the emotions depends on the emotional state of the speaker & his attitude toward bible thumpers.
buggery Br taboo or law (for sodomy) the choice depends on the situation whether it is a legal term or a vulgar word used to offend.
Such labels undergo the classification suggested in this part too according to characteristics they express: humor or pomp -stylistico-semantical group of labels, AmEinfml humor or derog -stylistico-semantico-functional group of labels.
The widely spread group turned out to be stylislico-functional group which counts 68 label s, then comes stylistico-semantico-functional group -42 labels, then stylistico-semantico-functional group - 22 labels, pure stylistical group - 19 labels (for better view of the labels & their classification inLDELC (Appendix IX).
As it was mentioned above a stylistical label may have up to five indexes. To denote some peculiarities of stylistical usage such indexes as usu., sometimes, often, esp., now, rather, not polite may be used. We consider them to be stylistical labels too as they indicate temporal or functional juxtaposition.
Taking into consideration all the information above we may point out the following groups of labels according to their quantity of indexes represented in them.
1 . Monolabels - one index. AmE sl taboo derog BrE law rare apprec
2. Dilabels - two indexes. esp.AmEAnE infml BrEdial infml humor fml or lit rather fml
3. Tnreeindexed labels. Sp AmE infml sl often derog old-fash euph infml fml usu derog
4. Fourindexed labels Austresplit or old use esp.BrE infml,not polite BrE infml sometimes derog
5.Fiveindexed labels BrE infml,esp. humor orderog sl, esp.AmE,oflen derog. infml.esp.BrEusa.derog
Thus the stylistic component is reflected in the dictionary by means of stylistic notations which may be of various characteristics, manyindexed indicating stylistic overtones of the word & possible emotions that can be expressed by this or that word, that helps to identify the layer of the word -stock to which the word belongs & to use the word according to the situation.
1. Stylistic component of the word is a stylistical structure of the word which represents different stylistic characteristics & overtones of the word carrying extra information of the word, its functioning & usage.
2. Stylistic component of the word is reflected in dictionaries by means of stylistic notarions (labels). But for the present there is no one and the same system of stylistic notations that would satisfy & would be used in all the dictionaries of different types. Such a system is necessary for dictionaries not to mislead the users of the language & especially those for whom the language is foreign.
3. Stylistic component is rather complex & complicated,wide & peculiar what influences it's lexicographical reflection in dictionaries. That is why the labels suggested in dictionaries form different combinations to identify all possible & existing characteristic of the word. Thus we may point out
-pure stylistic labels
-stylistico-functional labels
-stylistico-semantical labels
-stylistico-semantico-functional labels
Все слова, имеющие в словаре пометы AmE/BrE, îòíîñÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ê àìåðèêàíñêîìó è áðèòàíñêîìó âàðèàíòàì àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà è ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëîâàðíûìè ïîìåòàìè. Ýòè ïîìåòû óêàçûâàþò íà òåððèòîðèàëüíûé ïðèçíàê è íà ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ñëîâà ê òîìó èëè èíîìó âàðèàíòó ÿçûêà, ÷òî íåïîñðåäñòâåííî îòðàæàåòñÿ íà ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè åäèíèö ÿçûêà â ðå÷è è íà ýôôåêòèâíîñòè êîììóíèêàöèè. Áîëåå òîãî, ñëîâà, èìåþùèå ìàðêåðû (AmE/BrE), ïîìèìî òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ различий могут обретать также функциональные, семантические и функционально- семантические признаки. Наличие дополнительных характеристик внутри варианта расширяет стилистический компонент слова, ограничивая или расширяя возможности функционирования слова в речи.