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После изучения указанного выше материала приступайте к выполнению контрольной работы № 1.
ВАРИАНТ 1.
Выполните задания по разделам “Reading” (Чтение), “Vocabulary” (Лексика),
“Grammar” (Грамматика).
READING
Task I. Read the text.
For many centuries it was thought that diseases were caused by evil spirits. Modern medical science has made great advances in the scientific investigation of the causes of diseases, and these causes are now grouped into a few general categories. The following is one of them.
Congenital causes of disorders. These act within the womb and result in disorders which are usually obvious at birth such as mongolism, abnormalities of the nervous system and deformities of the heart. These disorders are caused either by a fault in the chromosomal structure of the fertilized egg or by damage caused to the developing embryo in the womb. A developing embryo can be affected by a disease of the mother. For example, during the early months of pregnancy, German measles can lead to abnormalities of the heart and ears. The smoking of more than ten cigarettes a day by a pregnant woman may retard the normal growth of the foetus in the womb. Deformities may also be due to drugs taken during pregnancy.
Answer the questions.
1. What do congenital causes of disorders result in?
2. What are congenital disorders caused by?
3. When can German measles lead to abnormalities of the heart?
4. What may retard the normal growth of the foetus in the womb?
Task 2. Read and translate the text into Russian.
Lecture on Bacteria
Bacteria is the common name for a very large group of one-celled microscopic organisms that may be the smallest, simplest, and perhaps even the very first forms of cellular life that evolved on Earth. Because they are so small, bacteria must be measured in microns, with one micron measuring about 0.00004 inches long. Most bacteria range from about 0.1 micron to about 4 microns wide and about 0.2 microns to almost 50 microns long. We can observe them only under the microscope. Bacteria are very primitive and simple. They are unicellular, which means that they are made up of a single cell. They probably evolved about three and a half billion years ago. Some of the oldest fossils are bacterial organisms. They’ve been found almost everywhere on Earth, including all the continents, seas, and fresh water habitats, and in the tissues of both plants and animals.
They grow in colonies and can reproduce quite rapidly, in fact, by a process called fission. In fission, the cell increases in size and then splits in two parts. Fission is also referred to as asexual budding. There is also a process that is called conjugation, and that’s when two separate bacteria exchange pieces of DNA. So, there are two ways that reproduction can occur, but fission is though to be more common.
Bacteria were virtually unknown until about 1600 when microscopes were introduced, and at that time, bacteria were observed and classified into three main types according to their shapes, and that classification hasn’t changed that much over the years.
The first type is bacilli. The bacilli are a group of bacteria that occur in the soil and air. They’re shaped like rods, and if you were to see them in motion, they’d be rolling or tumbling under the microscope. These bacteria are largely responsible for food spoilage.
The next type of bacteria is referred to as cocci group, and it tends to grow in clusters or chains. This specimen is one of the common streptococci bacteria that cause strep throat.
Spirilla look like little corkscrews, and they are responsible for a number of diseases in humans. But, although it is true that some species of bacteria do cause diseases, for the most part, bacteria are benign.
There’s a lot of bacteria in the air, they live harmless on the skin, in the mouth, and in the intestines. In fact, bacteria are very helpful to researchers because bacteria cells resemble the cells of other life forms in many ways, and may be studies to give us insights. Since bacteria reproduce very rapidly genetic engineers use them to determine how certain characteristics are inherited.
But within these basic groups there are virtually hundreds of variations that make them somewhat more difficult to identify and classify. Sometimes more than one type of bacteria may be found together in a specimen. In addition to identifying bacteria by their shape it’s better to study the biochemistry of genetic structure of the specimen. They have one chromosome of double-stranded DNA in a ring, when can be analyzed fairly easily.
Choose the best answers for the following
1. Bacteria reproduce by
a) fission or budding; b) splitting or budding; c) cloning themselves; d) seeding or fission
2. Cocci bacteria cause
a) typhoid; b) AIDS; c) strep throat; c) fevers
3. Bacilli are responsible for
a) diseases in humans; b) food spoilage; c) strep throat; d) human evolution
4. Spirilla look like
a) rods; b) corkscrews; c) dots; d) sticks
5. Which two characteristics are common in bacteria?
a) they have one cell; b) they are harmful to humans;
c) they reproduce quickly; d) They die when exposed to air
VOCABULARY
Создайте логические пары, выбирая из a, b , c или d:
1. month – year
day - ____a) minute; b) hour; c) season; d) week
2. dark – light
small - ____ a) big; b) bright; c) thin; d) little
3. night – day
evening - ____ a) morning; b) time; c) dark; d) afternoon
4. bring – take
arrive - ____ a) catch; b) carry; c) leave; d) come
5. good – bad
cheap - _____ a) free; b) expensive; c) nice; d) high
6. first – last
best - _____ a) next; b) worst; c) most; d) least
7. office – work
school - _____ a) learn; b) write; c) play; d) test
8. write – letter
tell - _____ a) book; b) report; c) story; d) word
9. book – read
radio - _____ a) sound; b) listen to; c) put out; d) catch
10. bank – money
shop - _____ a) price; b) basket; c) food; d) supermarket
GRAMMAR
I. Заполните пропуски соответствующими формами глагола “to be” и “to have”.
1. Last year their son ____ 26, so he ____ 27 now.
2. Today the weather ____ nice, but yesterday it ____ cold.
3. I ____ cold. Can I have something hot to drink?
4. I ____ hungry last night, so I ____ something to eat.
5. I called you yesterday but you ____ at home. Where ____ you?
6. He ____ a good job in a bank.
7. My sister and her husband ____ three children.
8. “What’s wrong?” – “I ____ something in my eye”.
9. Where ... you ... in two days?
10. When ... you at home yesterday?
II. Выберите правильную форму глагола.
1. All of her belongings (was/were) in a suitcase.
2. Athletics (is/are) very popular nowadays.
3. Aerobics (do/does) people a lot of good.
4. Chocolate (makes/make) you put on weight.
5. Most people (enjoy/enjoys) Easter.
6. The money she makes (is/are) enough for her.
7. The police (is/are) looking for the murderer.
8. His good looks (get/gets) him what he ants.
9. The government (is/are) passing new laws.
10. No news (is/are) good news.
III. Заполните пропуски соответствующими личными местоимениями.
IV. Вставьте some, any или no, где необходимо.
1. She went to the shop, but she didn’t buy ... eggs.
2. He has read ... 20 pages.
3. Did they send you ... letters from England?
4. Why have ... students gone home?
5. Have you found ... mushrooms in the wood?
6. Are there ... fruit-trees in your garden?
7. Did they ask you ... questions? – Yes, they asked.... .
8. Does he make ... mistakes in his dictations?
9. My friend has bought ... new shoes.
10. ... people there are very unfriendly.
V. Выберите правильный ответ из a), b), c) или d) для каждого пропуска в нижерасположенном диалоге.
- Who (1) _______ Michelle talking to?
- I can’t see Michelle.
- You (2) ____ looking in the right place. She’s over there.
- Oh, that’s Adrian. He’s new here.
- Really? Where (3) ____ he live? (4) ____you know?
- No, I (5) ____know anything about him.
- What (6) _____ they talking about, I wonder?
- Well, he (7) _____look very interested. He’s got a very bored expression on his face. And he (8) _____ saying anything.
1. a) are b) do c) does d) is
2. a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) don’t d) isn’t
3. a) are b) do c) does d) is
4. a) Are b) Do c) Does d) Is
5. a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) don’t d) ‘m not
6. a) are b) do c) does d) is
7. a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) don’t d) isn’t
8. a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) don’t d) isn’t
VI. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильные времена.
1. “What you (do)” “I (read).
2. If he (ring) me up tomorrow I (tell) him about it.
3. He (help) his mother every day?
4. At this time tomorrow we (discuss) your report.
5. What you (do) when I came in?
6. When you (see) him last?
7. Don’t ring me up at 11 o’clock, I (sleep).
8. On entering the drawing-room he (find) that his two friends (get) up and (wait) for him.
9. We (be) very busy now. We (discuss) a very important question.
10. Where (be) Peter? He (have) his English lesson now? – No, he (have) his English tomorrow.
11. You (know) him? He always (tell) a lie.
12. When I (come) yesterday I (see) that my friend (do) his lesson.
13. This problem (be) too difficult to discuss it now. I (think) we (discuss) it tomorrow, when we (have) more time.
14. Where she (be) yesterday? – She (visit) her friend. They (play) chess the whole evening.
15. He (not to eat) when I (come) yesterday. He (read) a book.
16. My father (watch) an analytical programme on TV, while I (prepare) for the examination.
17. What you (do) now? – I (wash) the dishes.
18. If we (put) in cameras, they (stop) people stealing things.
19. Yesterday morning I (get) up and (look) out of the window. The sun (shine), the birds (sing).
20. We (not to solve) the problem yet.
21. She (to read) the book by last Monday.
22. Pete and Ann (to paint) the house by next Friday.
23. I (to work) in the library from 3 till 6 yesterday.
24. He said he (to read) this book.
25. When you first (meet) your teacher?
VII. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на модальные глаголы.
1. Mike can play the piano very well. 2. We needn’t hurry. We’ve got plenty of time. 3. It’s raining. You should take an umbrella. 4. Yesterday I stayed at home because I had to help my father. 5. The train is to come in some minutes. 6. Children should obey their parents. 7. We ought to help her.
VIII. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным членам предложения.
1) They often speak about music.
2) She is still sleeping.
3) Rastrelli built the Winter Palace.
4) She was singing when I came.
5) My sister will graduate from the Institute next year.
Вариант № 2.
Выполните задания по разделам “Reading” (Чтение), “Vocabulary” (Лексика),
“Grammar” (Грамматика).
READING
Task I. Read the text.
For many centuries it was thought that diseases were caused by evil spirits. Modern medical science has made great advances in the scientific investigation of the causes of diseases, and these causes are now grouped into a few general categories. The following is one of them.
Infection. An enormous number of living things enter the body’s tissues, grow there and cause disease. Infectious agents act in different ways. Viruses act inside the cells. The polo virus, for example, causes paralysis by growing in and destroying a particular type of nerve cell in the spinal cord. Bacteria, on the other hand, act mainly extracellular. Malaria, which is still one of the world’s greatest killers, destroys the blood’s red cells. It is caused by a tiny parasite which is carried by mosquitoes. Its symptoms are a high fever, headache and violent shivering. It can result in chronic ill health or death.
Answer the questions.
Task 2. Read the text.
Blood
Blood is the red fluid that circulates through the body by way of the blood vessels. It is a very complex substance, and more is constantly being learned about it. It is the flowing part of the circulatory system, which may be called the transportation system of the body.
The adult human body contains between 5 and 6 quarts of blood, weighing about 7 to 8 pounds and accounting for about 5 % of the body weight. If about one-third of the blood is lost, death usually occurs (unless the blood is replaced). A pint of blood, however, can be really spared at proper intervals. Blood in the arteries is bright red in colour; blood in the veins is much darker, sometimes a brownish red.
Blood consists of many elements, liquid and solid. These include red and white blood cells, blood platelets, and blood plasma. The plasma is the liquid part of the blood, something over 90 % water. In it are dissolved essential elements that have to be carried from one place to another. These include, for example, organic constituents; such as blood sugar (glucose) and urea; inorganic elements, such as sodium and calcium; gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide; and secretions from the endocrine glands (hormones), antibodies, enzymes, and plasma proteins.
The plasma proteins make up about 7 to 8 % of the plasma. By electrical methods developed during and after World War II, these proteins can be broken down into various fractions. Best known is the fraction called gamma globulin, which contains antibodies against several diseases, notably measles and polio.
Among the many specific functions of the blood are the following: (1) It transfers oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body cells; (2) It carries from the digestive system the nutrients that cells need and gets rid of their waste products via the kidneys and other organs of excretion; (3) It conveys hormones; (4) It helps regulate body temperature; (5) It provides substances that fight off infection.
Choose the best answer for the following:
1.Blood is
a) the circulatory system; b) the transportation system; c) the digestive system; d) hormones.
2. Blood makes up
a) 6%; b) 5%; c) 7%; d) 8 % of the body weight.
3. Blood in veins is
a) bright red; b) dark red; c) brownish; d) blue.