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- индекс подгруппы
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в группе
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;
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;
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- централизатор подгруппы
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в группе
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;
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- нормализатор подгруппы
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в группе
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;
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- центр группы
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;
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- циклическая группа порядка
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;
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- ядро подгруппы
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в группе
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, т.е. пересечение всех подгрупп, сопряжённых с
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в
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.
Если
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACsSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rSODh6yDID5G45lPPaADCPKALC/kQIMbBixBsD8jeEa46iFBBMS2K9oNsHSgKxbTjFOA+rrYyWNGRjuwvwLUwwJPNzhMMQyEzYMAA2tjN4Ij00uAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC1SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMTgOijBkWMjAw/EfBxlELSXJBjptsMQOD8d3Y+nrJ+vpYSWMGhrvYDMFpANgVUA0dHWk8HjIMexhkPPakdXTwEDQAZqNxdIMPigHEuqAh2tgH5nxEmCD4BA2A+B8RgDCXEBWIMOfKuuUUg72T52Eoy8DwBsYnaABEg+xNj7x6Q9RoJdILYOcjhTa+GMAwABb6yM6FJSqCXkAPOASWfYPsnSGSmUjBAFRyhuormUY2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
- подгруппы группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC8SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMIEOijBkWMjAw/Idj46iFHR1pPG7GbrVpHR08eA1piDb2AWuS8diDrBgmLuuWU4zXJTCFxtENPtgsyHGTLUaXQ1FQn+dhKMvA8AbkbFxezHMzTvHIqzfEaQgkDIzvxtbXS5IVsKAA85Bh2IMeDnBx5ABGswjhlfpYSWMGhru4vIIrUEkyBBSguLyKJUxk36AHHNxLOCxAjR2Ya9BshMUarmgnLqViSXgjNRcTiwEtI9O4eJHXcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, то:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACcAAAARCAYAAABegLWFAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAE+SURBVEjH7ZW9DcIwEIVvABZAwuwAt4OxEBMkokOpUBpqZNKlYQE6SmaARSjYIDsAdrjEMYnJDwUCCheR4rvv3XuXQBRF8KnnY8G+C06GYoQ8XHRp6CHsAeBaOOjtO8HFcdATAzihv5l1nciSsxUAXuZS9qWc9xHgUgbYWPE74HStBwyJhoE4BXHcawy38XGGnK8ZsLMI5Siz+a56DOOjmoBtP2PiYDejO2pSJDKDazM53Qi9rQIkK+xmJqALjISadVJHnuu+hFOqOPK1alQFZwL6oZi6wPK85cvgikmzzSrJRcGu4WTnAiMLGV+usikDJPRcG07nzFClQSvg6k4uhSnmtrGtlLOqDWubOW2pIdC1qaVwOlvWy7YdbbaVttSsQbF5aWv2MXzkiy6ki1Avd3WXID8sMS3+//h/Au4Gd0rBkuPb2xYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- прямое произведение подгрупп
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACsSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rSODh6yDID5G45lPPaADCPKALC/kQIMbBixBsD8jeEa46iFBBMS2K9oNsHSgKxbTjFOA+rrYyWNGRjuwvwLUwwJPNzhMMQyEzYMAA2tjN4Ij00uAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC1SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMTgOijBkWMjAw/EfBxlELSXJBjptsMQOD8d3Y+nrJ+vpYSWMGhrvYDMFpANgVUA0dHWk8HjIMexhkPPakdXTwEDQAZqNxdIMPigHEuqAh2tgH5nxEmCD4BA2A+B8RgDCXEBWIMOfKuuUUg72T52Eoy8DwBsYnaABEg+xNj7x6Q9RoJdILYOcjhTa+GMAwABb6yM6FJSqCXkAPOASWfYPsnSGSmUjBAFRyhuormUY2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
;
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- полупрямое произведение нормальной подгруппы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACsSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rSODh6yDID5G45lPPaADCPKALC/kQIMbBixBsD8jeEa46iFBBMS2K9oNsHSgKxbTjFOA+rrYyWNGRjuwvwLUwwJPNzhMMQyEzYMAA2tjN4Ij00uAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
и подгруппы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC1SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMTgOijBkWMjAw/EfBxlELSXJBjptsMQOD8d3Y+nrJ+vpYSWMGhrvYDMFpANgVUA0dHWk8HjIMexhkPPakdXTwEDQAZqNxdIMPigHEuqAh2tgH5nxEmCD4BA2A+B8RgDCXEBWIMOfKuuUUg72T52Eoy8DwBsYnaABEg+xNj7x6Q9RoJdILYOcjhTa+GMAwABb6yM6FJSqCXkAPOASWfYPsnSGSmUjBAFRyhuormUY2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
;
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAB8AAAAUCAYAAAB1aeb6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAEvSURBVEjH7VW7DcIwFLwBWACJNwR6oqS1UjAASkSHqFAaamTSpWEI9qBjCgo2YAeQkzgYE2MbiU9B8YpIZ929u4uNoijwrcGf/OfJZZ4MWeRzHy5l7ABc7obT3cvkZbnoJQPsOdtMQvBLQSuATzMp+1LO+gycbAHB5HqbUZZPlYiuTR7wDUYLxyDZL8qyF0W+yXjCQqwJdExyOfTG02yqXWrJYzdXOROnWyVA2xgi1sTWrj2e9eYsWKyVVTHkdd63srl6EtdaK7NnxSSxXLXOAWf9HURe5WworoQEkNdk992Isl3n7Gqv13JDpKvpneRVthbQttLXchOno3tqe3sRNPlqcF00I3caH8aEg+2CXbLb0Nn1e750J3fF8rGHRbnhi+Bt5CnTNuSm+7/nrrkC/jSEBY/SzJQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
-
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACsSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rSODh6yDID5G45lPPaADCPKALC/kQIMbBixBsD8jeEa46iFBBMS2K9oNsHSgKxbTjFOA+rrYyWNGRjuwvwLUwwJPNzhMMQyEzYMAA2tjN4Ij00uAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC1SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMTgOijBkWMjAw/EfBxlELSXJBjptsMQOD8d3Y+nrJ+vpYSWMGhrvYDMFpANgVUA0dHWk8HjIMexhkPPakdXTwEDQAZqNxdIMPigHEuqAh2tgH5nxEmCD4BA2A+B8RgDCXEBWIMOfKuuUUg72T52Eoy8DwBsYnaABEg+xNj7x6Q9RoJdILYOcjhTa+GMAwABb6yM6FJSqCXkAPOASWfYPsnSGSmUjBAFRyhuormUY2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
изоморфны.
Группа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC8SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMIEOijBkWMjAw/Idj46iFHR1pPG7GbrVpHR08eA1piDb2AWuS8diDrBgmLuuWU4zXJTCFxtENPtgsyHGTLUaXQ1FQn+dhKMvA8AbkbFxezHMzTvHIqzfEaQgkDIzvxtbXS5IVsKAA85Bh2IMeDnBx5ABGswjhlfpYSWMGhru4vIIrUEkyBBSguLyKJUxk36AHHNxLOCxAjR2Ya9BshMUarmgnLqViSXgjNRcTiwEtI9O4eJHXcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
называется:
примарной, если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
;
бипримарной, если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Скобки
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAANCAYAAADMvbwhAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAChSURBVDjLY2hsbGQYDHhQOGJoOSTHTbaYwThqIakGd3Sk8XjIMOwxjm7wocghUcYMCxkYGP7LuuUUU+JTmDmEPIPCqa+PlTRmYLgL0kisT4jFDdHGPmAHyXjsSevo4MHqEFgwMjAY342tr5ekZVqoz/MwlGVgeIMeQlhDhNLowJve8IUIVg14gpGcREsovZEVjKQ5QPaNR1694WiBNmQdAgD2nY8vy4jaLwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
применяются для обозначения подгрупп, порождённых некоторым множеством элементов или подгрупп.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- подгруппа, порожденная всеми
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAANCAYAAACgu+4kAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACwSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDNQ3YCOjjQeDxmGPQwMDP8ZGIzvxtbXS9bneRjKMhidArHxGlBfHytpxCB7yiOv3hDEz3GTLTaNzovwkJVdCRPDa0CUMcNC4+gGH7iBQJtNZGW3y7rlFBP0AjZngsVkPVamdXTwEDSgIdrYh8E4aiF6WCC7iLABMh57QLbBNbu51Rq75aXA5LEZhhKAxgwMdyGhL/sGFGgoYkiuo206GHoGAAAs8i78KwgKeQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, для которых выполняется
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAVCAYAAABPPm7SAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADfSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMfgOAgDHKmGEhkP4Pw7JuOcVEGVBfHytpzMBwF1lDjptsMQOD7BuPvHpDggaAbTaOWogs1hBt7MPAYHw3tr5eEq8BMNuNoxt8YF4pL0/j9ZBh2AMTw2sA2CYZjz1pHR080DD4h+x0ggaANCH7HeyqPA9DWQbZm8iG4HS+EYPsKXTb0L2F0wBwSEOdT7ILOjrSeEABhe58uMFosYLpfLAtDG9QogoYA7hchdP5eXkuthCDwKnvHzYXYRiAz/lE5QVsgUS0ATDb0QNpGJQHNDcAAFCK47KxaSCQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, где
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACIAAAATCAYAAAD1Yd/KAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAEgSURBVEjH7ZU9DoJAEIXnAFzAhOEOOndYKKgtMLRUhIbaLHQ0XsDO0jPoRSi8gXdQFoQssPzGoDEWU5DZmf32zdsF4jiGb4ivgPh9kCTxNEuHKwDdXM5XzbxDcALdunpJoi0EAg8g5zQLxGcYdp1kMghiioCpFfD1ZxXJ1MgP1lDlLSA8sNYIcM9lr6KuoAzCubsigBvtInsUSFkgGstFckQ7spsNhhSpxi3VDSoiGpgGHVX+EDlGbD8EoQIpv5H54SiQXHZyDsqRSIq1o3s0NTVf6wZBhIQltRLEMI9zFJG9Ifr3guTFiOfmVRubHwNSGD270ghpr1k3sLm4Ltt2bSbLOwek8ocYZxdIsYn6JWzDTPdIy2tLPGj/v+9PgTwBnvuoJ5HQnI4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
.
Группу
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC8SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMIEOijBkWMjAw/Idj46iFHR1pPG7GbrVpHR08eA1piDb2AWuS8diDrBgmLuuWU4zXJTCFxtENPtgsyHGTLUaXQ1FQn+dhKMvA8AbkbFxezHMzTvHIqzfEaQgkDIzvxtbXS5IVsKAA85Bh2IMeDnBx5ABGswjhlfpYSWMGhru4vIIrUEkyBBSguLyKJUxk36AHHNxLOCxAjR2Ya9BshMUarmgnLqViSXgjNRcTiwEtI9O4eJHXcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
называют:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC5SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMPgPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPw3jm7wiTJmWAhiMzAY342tr5ckygX19bGSRgyyp2RlGW6CDOnoSOPxkGHYI+uWU0yUAQ3Rxj4MskanIvPqVUF8kg0AORtkM6q3ZG965NUbEg4DsPONdiP7FxwOxlELiQ9EWY+VaR0dPHDNOAIQqwE5brLFkFCHYhw2YzUAHFiysiux+ZUoA9CdT5IBiAQDxDIee4g1ZBDmBbobAACVTI0q5KV7ZAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-замкнутой, если силовская
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC5SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMPgPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPw3jm7wiTJmWAhiMzAY342tr5ckygX19bGSRgyyp2RlGW6CDOnoSOPxkGHYI+uWU0yUAQ3Rxj4MskanIvPqVUF8kg0AORtkM6q3ZG965NUbEg4DsPONdiP7FxwOxlELiQ9EWY+VaR0dPHDNOAIQqwE5brLFkFCHYhw2YzUAHFiysiux+ZUoA9CdT5IBiAQDxDIee4g1ZBDmBbobAACVTI0q5KV7ZAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC8SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMIEOijBkWMjAw/Idj46iFHR1pPG7GbrVpHR08eA1piDb2AWuS8diDrBgmLuuWU4zXJTCFxtENPtgsyHGTLUaXQ1FQn+dhKMvA8AbkbFxezHMzTvHIqzfEaQgkDIzvxtbXS5IVsKAA85Bh2IMeDnBx5ABGswjhlfpYSWMGhru4vIIrUEkyBBSguLyKJUxk36AHHNxLOCxAjR2Ya9BshMUarmgnLqViSXgjNRcTiwEtI9O4eJHXcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
нормальна в
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADMSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMEEOAgDHKmGEhkP4Pxf8YjKMWlpen8boZu9WmdXTw4DWkIdrYB6xRxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL0lWwHZ0pPF4yDDsQQ8HuDgigIHY+A6yRQiv1MdKGjMw3MXlFVyBSpIhoADF5VUsYSL7Bj3g4F7CYQFq7MBcg2QjKNHBYg1XtGMNbbSUCkmtaAE+EnMxKRgAd6jQkCN0LT8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
;
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC5SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMPgPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPw3jm7wiTJmWAhiMzAY342tr5ckygX19bGSRgyyp2RlGW6CDOnoSOPxkGHYI+uWU0yUAQ3Rxj4MskanIvPqVUF8kg0AORtkM6q3ZG965NUbEg4DsPONdiP7FxwOxlELiQ9EWY+VaR0dPHDNOAIQqwE5brLFkFCHYhw2YzUAHFiysiux+ZUoA9CdT5IBiAQDxDIee4g1ZBDmBbobAACVTI0q5KV7ZAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-нильпотентной, если
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAAVCAYAAACkCdXRAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmYYfobluMkWMzAY342tr5ekyLCOjjQeDxmGPQzGUQspdhnMMOPoBh+KDauvj5U0lnOfldbRwUPQsPo8D0NZBoY3DAwM/0G2RxkzLASxYWEEMszNLS+M6AgAaTBikD0lK8twE2QgzGuybjnFJMdmQ7SxD4Os0anIvHpV5HAiyzCQ15ADGOJ12ZseefWGJBkG8aLRbuQ0BA43tKRAnGEgV8h6rITFFiQCUBMo0YZBUjco9qCYgItwGgYOaFnZlfjChmjD0L1ItmGIxAnEMh57SDVwGJZnNDcMAJEBSopBvl+iAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
-холловская подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADMSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMEEOAgDHKmGEhkP4Pxf8YjKMWlpen8boZu9WmdXTw4DWkIdrYB6xRxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL0lWwHZ0pPF4yDDsQQ8HuDgigIHY+A6yRQiv1MdKGjMw3MXlFVyBSpIhoADF5VUsYSL7Bj3g4F7CYQFq7MBcg2QjKNHBYg1XtGMNbbSUCkmtaAE+EnMxKRgAd6jQkCN0LT8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
нормальна в
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADMSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMEEOAgDHKmGEhkP4Pxf8YjKMWlpen8boZu9WmdXTw4DWkIdrYB6xRxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL0lWwHZ0pPF4yDDsQQ8HuDgigIHY+A6yRQiv1MdKGjMw3MXlFVyBSpIhoADF5VUsYSL7Bj3g4F7CYQFq7MBcg2QjKNHBYg1XtGMNbbSUCkmtaAE+EnMxKRgAd6jQkCN0LT8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
;
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC5SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMPgPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPw3jm7wiTJmWAhiMzAY342tr5ckygX19bGSRgyyp2RlGW6CDOnoSOPxkGHYI+uWU0yUAQ3Rxj4MskanIvPqVUF8kg0AORtkM6q3ZG965NUbEg4DsPONdiP7FxwOxlELiQ9EWY+VaR0dPHDNOAIQqwE5brLFkFCHYhw2YzUAHFiysiux+ZUoA9CdT5IBiAQDxDIee4g1ZBDmBbobAACVTI0q5KV7ZAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-разрешимой, если существует нормальный ряд, факторы которого либо
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC5SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMPgPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPw3jm7wiTJmWAhiMzAY342tr5ckygX19bGSRgyyp2RlGW6CDOnoSOPxkGHYI+uWU0yUAQ3Rxj4MskanIvPqVUF8kg0AORtkM6q3ZG965NUbEg4DsPONdiP7FxwOxlELiQ9EWY+VaR0dPHDNOAIQqwE5brLFkFCHYhw2YzUAHFiysiux+ZUoA9CdT5IBiAQDxDIee4g1ZBDmBbobAACVTI0q5KV7ZAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-группы, либо
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAAVCAYAAACkCdXRAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmYYfobluMkWMzAY342tr5ekyLCOjjQeDxmGPQzGUQspdhnMMOPoBh+KDauvj5U0lnOfldbRwUPQsPo8D0NZBoY3DAwM/0G2RxkzLASxYWEEMszNLS+M6AgAaTBikD0lK8twE2QgzGuybjnFJMdmQ7SxD4Os0anIvHpV5HAiyzCQ15ADGOJ12ZseefWGJBkG8aLRbuQ0BA43tKRAnGEgV8h6rITFFiQCUBMo0YZBUjco9qCYgItwGgYOaFnZlfjChmjD0L1ItmGIxAnEMh57SDVwGJZnNDcMAJEBSopBvl+iAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
-группы;
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC5SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMPgPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPw3jm7wiTJmWAhiMzAY342tr5ckygX19bGSRgyyp2RlGW6CDOnoSOPxkGHYI+uWU0yUAQ3Rxj4MskanIvPqVUF8kg0AORtkM6q3ZG965NUbEg4DsPONdiP7FxwOxlELiQ9EWY+VaR0dPHDNOAIQqwE5brLFkFCHYhw2YzUAHFiysiux+ZUoA9CdT5IBiAQDxDIee4g1ZBDmBbobAACVTI0q5KV7ZAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-сверхразрешимой, если каждый ее главный фактор является либо
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAAVCAYAAACkCdXRAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmYYfobluMkWMzAY342tr5ekyLCOjjQeDxmGPQzGUQspdhnMMOPoBh+KDauvj5U0lnOfldbRwUPQsPo8D0NZBoY3DAwM/0G2RxkzLASxYWEEMszNLS+M6AgAaTBikD0lK8twE2QgzGuybjnFJMdmQ7SxD4Os0anIvHpV5HAiyzCQ15ADGOJ12ZseefWGJBkG8aLRbuQ0BA43tKRAnGEgV8h6rITFFiQCUBMo0YZBUjco9qCYgItwGgYOaFnZlfjChmjD0L1ItmGIxAnEMh57SDVwGJZnNDcMAJEBSopBvl+iAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
-группой, либо циклической группой;
нильпотентной, если все ее силовские подгруппы нормальны;
метанильпотентной, если существует нормальная нильпотентная подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAATCAYAAAByUDbMAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmYYoYbV18dKGjMw3GVgYPjPIOOxJ62jgwcm19GRxuMhw7AHLAfCxlELiXJZQ7SxDwOD7BuPvHpDdLkoY9lebOI4DctzM06RlWW4iW472OVy7rOQXYzXMLB3PKKTIa4zvhtbXy8JNyzPw9DYLS+F6AiAaYCFn6xbTjGyi7F5EadhyBqijBkWwiIC5GI3Y7dabF7Eahi6BpArZRlkb4IMx+dFnEnDzS0vDCM5ACMCnxexGxbpYYeuAZZM5IyxxyJWw3CFCbaIwGsYxHZoykZLDoRicaSXGpRgACTFEUtAnt/KAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC8SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMIEOijBkWMjAw/Idj46iFHR1pPG7GbrVpHR08eA1piDb2AWuS8diDrBgmLuuWU4zXJTCFxtENPtgsyHGTLUaXQ1FQn+dhKMvA8AbkbFxezHMzTvHIqzfEaQgkDIzvxtbXS5IVsKAA85Bh2IMeDnBx5ABGswjhlfpYSWMGhru4vIIrUEkyBBSguLyKJUxk36AHHNxLOCxAjR2Ya9BshMUarmgnLqViSXgjNRcTiwEtI9O4eJHXcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
такая, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
нильпотентна.
разрешимой, если существует номер
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAANCAYAAACZ3F9/AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACVSURBVCjPY2hsbGQgBzNQRWN9faykMQPDXQYG47ux9fWSDdHGPgwMDP9l3XKKCdoI1iznPisv2jSCwThqIVgzkCaoEaRQ1tOzx9g4uh7EjzJmWEiUjSCFMKd2dKTxeMjKrvTIqzck6EcjBtlTMIX1eR6GsrIeK9M6Onjwa0RTmOMmW4zNmRga0RVCnE1kqNI3AdBFIwBAkwmpwpDjywAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
такой, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
;
сверхразрешимой, если она обладает главным рядом, все индексы которого являются простыми числами.
Группа Шмидта - это конечная ненильпотентная группа, все собственные группы которой нильпотентны.
Добавлением к подгруппе
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADDSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMbkNy3GSLGRgY/sOwrFtOMYa4jMeetI4OHrwuaYg29gEpNo5u8IGJ1ed5GMoyGJ2Kra+XJMo7YFuRbIsyZliIzCdoSEdHGo+HDMMekDfq62MljRkY7iK7iChDIM6WvenmZlzLwGB8F935RBkCCw8GBtk3Hnn1hmTFDtj/Jh5rQV4iyyXIYQALG1wBitMQiFcQtsMMxWcQ1lhhMI5aiBnQDG8IRjEiMFFTJIY4UgoeIhmQVAwAi3+fpYoaRwUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC8SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMIEOijBkWMjAw/Idj46iFHR1pPG7GbrVpHR08eA1piDb2AWuS8diDrBgmLuuWU4zXJTCFxtENPtgsyHGTLUaXQ1FQn+dhKMvA8AbkbFxezHMzTvHIqzfEaQgkDIzvxtbXS5IVsKAA85Bh2IMeDnBx5ABGswjhlfpYSWMGhru4vIIrUEkyBBSguLyKJUxk36AHHNxLOCxAjR2Ya9BshMUarmgnLqViSXgjNRcTiwEtI9O4eJHXcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
называется такая подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC7SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmYYWoZFGTMsZGBg+A/Dsm45xfjECbosx022mIFB9o1HXr0hMeJ4DQO7wjhqIbHiOA2rr4+VNGZguGsc3eBDjDhewxqijX0YGIzvxtbXS8IVMjAwYhMnOQJQMA4vYjWsoyONx0OGYQ96TBHyIlbD6vM8DGUZZG+ixxbEi9hjEadh4KiX8diT1tHBQ4w4TsPKy2OlQF5B9yIucZyGQRIjPKD/wQIaXRyfgUMso5OLAVwVz0fppd0aAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
из
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADMSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMEEOAgDHKmGEhkP4Pxf8YjKMWlpen8boZu9WmdXTw4DWkIdrYB6xRxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL0lWwHZ0pPF4yDDsQQ8HuDgigIHY+A6yRQiv1MdKGjMw3MXlFVyBSpIhoADF5VUsYSL7Bj3g4F7CYQFq7MBcg2QjKNHBYg1XtGMNbbSUCkmtaAE+EnMxKRgAd6jQkCN0LT8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Минимальная нормальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- неединичная нормальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
, не содержащая собственных неединичных нормальных подгрупп группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
.
Цоколь группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- произведение всех минимальных нормальных подгрупп группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
.
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADMAAAAVCAYAAADrVNYBAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAIaSURBVFjD7VdBbsIwENze4QEgzB+Iv1C5OdBrpRJxasWhQlw45FChwI1LP9Ab3yi8gBe0ErwA3kDrdeLIbJ3EodBKFCRLSWzv7szOrg1MJhM4l3E2QHLByN+VHidxfIDdoj3Wj9Npr+I3YCE373DwYNwOw25diMHdMYCgLQ+8eTeKakVro4Hf4mLwGEXdmtoThvVSYDocZsA7s713gE8E9VMg44C3AfjKBYgmVftFYAzYhz+IWk5gYgbY0tyARm+a/NUlgFyWNbuOdmwkxoC8pc1GtsSMzOAIfP+hN51WXGvKNo/BMdEfumaQCzGyZaIv2JDGlymzWAqyXuQGW7Bh2KuaNUUDJPOKWVvG8+qE8c5LIsk1zUJWdvINAmyg4S96YVgl37caANXx89O1Z84ji/icFZhNGYKLEfqM7vmtFYwkhgOsaQ0XMyQDU4CkxLQEzUyYhvWzTUpKGg5gkjrZ6axq3zYw1M93nRK0cRBsi8zb2DUzk8e+CxjqXwE7FAw6pGDMAFVAxLjp0FaYuuaKZKbrJO+IKCWzOMXyDJAHEwaRFnJiMA0omY/Xs42ul5T9ZF69M3+OQLMaAK5TtUFI0r6RfdqEChuAQsuDKEG9SnVLmNnTdBLoXltnMM/qcrQ1U196Lu2mGX5KteZTjTLt+ZCr0K/fbFEiTWi+HwJIZzLrWvUnV/U4KP5W5nrksud//J+5gLmAOd74AvzS9kH6bA0KAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
- цоколь группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC7SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rTycl6yDID6+x8U/2eQ8diT1tHBQ5QBYH8jBRjYMGINgPkbwzXGUQvxJiQgYAT7Fc2m8vI0XlAakHXLKcZpQH19rKQxA8MdmJ9hiiGBBw+Hf+iGD7HMhA0DAMPuixLgQmh8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
.
Экспонента группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- это наименьшее общее кратное порядков всех ее элементов.
Цепь - это совокупность вложенных друг в друга подгрупп. Ряд подгрупп - это цепь, состоящая из конечного числа членов и проходящая через единицу.
Ряд подгрупп
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
называется:
субнормальным, если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для любого
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
;
нормальным, если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для любого
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAkAAAARCAYAAAAPFIbmAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACHSURBVCjPY2hsbGQghBnIVgQEjHgV5bjJFjMwGN+Jra+XJN86kDXoVqEoqq+PlTRmYLgDVPTfOLrBB6dJHR1pPO5yxrOQ3YOhqD7Pw1DWOKoXr5tAPpN1yynGqQhklYes7EqPvHpDvA43YjDaHRvrFoauEM5oiDb2AfrsH4Nx1ELqxR3tFAEA0rTdUGykWQcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
;
главным, если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
является минимальной нормальной подгруппой в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для всех
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Классы групп, т.е. совокупности групп, замкнутые относительно изоморфизмов, обозначаются прописными готическими буквами. Также обозначаются формации, т.е. классы групп, замкнутые относительно факторгрупп и подпрямых произведений. За некоторыми классами закреплены стандартные обозначения:
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAATCAYAAAB2pebxAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADeSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMHUOAgBGGSTYEpCnKmGEhkP4Hx8ZRC8vL03jdjN1q0zo6ePAa0hBt7APU9J9BxmMPsmKYuKxbTjFel8AUGkc3+GCzIMdNthhdDkVBfZ6HoSwDwxuQs3F5M8/NOMUjr94QpyGQMDC+G1tfL4kvgNEDGc7o6Ejj8ZBh2IMeDnBxUBjBsfEdZIsQXqmPlTRmYLiLyyu4ApUkQ0ABitOrmGEi+wY94OBewmEBauxAXHMHbGN5uRQsEKuzXIxAsYYr2rFGI0ZKBWG0AB+iuZhuhgAAaEvEYAlBwx8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- класс всех групп;
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC7SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDMMLQPq8zwMjd3yUsgyoKMjjcdDhmGPcXSDD1kGRBkzLGRgYPhPlgEN0cY+xm5utbIMsjc98uoNSTIA5G9Z46hekCEMDMZ3Y+vrJYk2AORvN2O32rTycl6yDID6+x8U/2eQ8diT1tHBQ5QBYH8jBRjYMGINgPkbwzXGUQvxJiQgYAT7Fc2m8vI0XlAakHXLKcZpQH19rKQxA8MdmJ9hiiGBBw+Hf+iGD7HMhA0DAMPuixLgQmh8AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
- класс всех абелевых групп;
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAATCAYAAAByUDbMAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADlSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmYYoYbV18dKGjMw3GVgYPjPIOOxJ62jgwcm19GRxuMhw7AHLAfCxlELiXJZQ7SxDwOD7BuPvHpDdLkoY9lebOI4DctzM06RlWW4iW472OVy7rOQXYzXMLB3PKKTIa4zvhtbXy8JNyzPw9DYLS+F6AiAaYCFn6xbTjGyi7F5EadhyBqijBkWwiIC5GI3Y7dabF7Eahi6BpArZRlkb4IMx+dFnEnDzS0vDCM5ACMCnxexGxbpYYeuAZZM5IyxxyJWw3CFCbaIwGsYxHZoykZLDoRicaSXGpRgACTFEUtAnt/KAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
- класс всех нильпотентных групп;
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA0AAAATCAYAAABLN4eXAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADgSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFTMMrCYgYIRhojR1dKTxeMgw7AFq+AfCxtENPuXlsVJubnlhODVFGTMsZDCOWojCZ2D4D9KMVVN9faykEYPsKY+8ekNkm93ljGfF1tdLYtUEdxqSTSAc7eGRnNbRwYPTeQ3Rxj5g/wA1Eh0QYGfmeRjKMjC8ZpDx2JNWXs5LdDxBNb4Ba0RyGoomkLOQQwiEc9xkixkYZN8gBwyKJpACdE0Q/xnfRQ45FE2Q+DC+E1teLgUKgPLyNF5sIQnXBIofY+PoejDNwHAHlhqwaRgEqZwmmgD6RF8iMglnKwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
- класс всех разрешимых групп;
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- класс всех
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADOSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQxAAgYARhXHy8BtTneRjKMjC8Bmr4bxzd4BNlzLAQyP7HwGB8N7a+XpIoF9TXx0oaMciekpVluAkypKMjjcdDhmGPrFtOMVEGNEQb+zDIGp2KzKtXBfFJNgDkbJDNqN6SvemRV29IOAzAzjfajexfcDgYRy0kPhBlPVamlZfzgkIeEojGd7AFIFYDctxkiyGhDsU4bMZqADiwZGVXYvMrUQZUZ7kYgZ3f0cFDsgGIBAPEMh57iDWEYXBmJroaAACuHYVs4rDX8wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-групп;