Покажем, наконец, что класс групп (7) не пуст. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAAUCAYAAAC9BQwsAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC/SURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBzMMA40dHWk8HjIMexgYGP7DsKxbTjFejTlussUghcbRDT4wsYZoYx9kMRyaZN945NUbostFGTMsZJDx2JPW0cGDIlGf52Eoy8DwBtlJRGkESzAY342tr5fE6Wd0jfX1sZLGDAx3GYyjFmKzDd01pDkTyTUYNmLTiC2UCYYoxCZUTVijA6YQjnH4GWuKiY3NsyUpycFDFmwbqpPBgWcc1YuhEZKkIKEGC2EUJ0PjbwjmRwA6PJAscUEkZwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
- группы нечетных простых порядков
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAARCAYAAADtyJ2fAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBzMMvMb6PA9DWQaGNwwMDP+Noxt8oowZFoLYDAzGd2Pr6yXx2lhfHytpxCB7SlaW4SZIc0dHGo+HDMMeWbecYrwaG6KNfRhkjU5F5tWrgvhEawQ5D2QTqvNlb3rk1Rvi9iPYmUa7kf0D9qdx1ELCgSPrsTKto4MHrgktYLBqzHGTLYaEIhSj2YRVIzgQZGVXIvuFqHhEdyZRGhERDcQyHnsIaR4EaZXmGgFlmFnEokja8gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
соответственно (
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
). Тогда
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и поэтому найдется такой простой делитель
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAOCAYAAAAbvf3sAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACTSURBVCjPY2hsbGQgBTPQT0N9faykMQPDXQYGhv+ybjnFHR1pPB4yDHsYjKMW4rQBpsg0Oi/CQ1Z2pYmJ7AqQZpwa6vM8DGUZjE65uRnXeuTVGxL0Q46bbDGDrOxNY7e8FKI8HWXMsJBBxmNPWkcHD9GeNo5u8CEqlBqijX0YGIzvxtbXSxKlAex+tCAc4JgmFgMAd/P2AMvPlwkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
числа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAAOCAYAAAAfSC3RAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADJSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBzNQTWMoAwMzAwMDCwPDf0ZsfKwa6+tjJY0ZGG4xMjD+M45t8C5PC+Vzl2XYxcjI8Nc4st4Xr40gzUYMRrtDy7PUPWRll3sUNxjkuMmWyHrkFeHVWJ3lYiQr677Kw0RuJkhTeXkar7sM4x6QC/BqBJnOwMD4xzi23hthkOeKtI4OHpwasZkOcybewEE3HWQQ0J+r3LLCfTw88kJxagSaXizrllMMD6g8D0NZBoY3DAzGd2Pr6yVpkwAGr0YA3/AWSk68OA8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
, который одновременно отличен от
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAARCAYAAADtyJ2fAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBzMMvMb6PA9DWQaGNwwMDP+Noxt8oowZFoLYDAzGd2Pr6yXx2lhfHytpxCB7SlaW4SZIc0dHGo+HDMMeWbecYrwaG6KNfRhkjU5F5tWrgvhEawQ5D2QTqvNlb3rk1Rvi9iPYmUa7kf0D9qdx1ELCgSPrsTKto4MHrgktYLBqzHGTLYaEIhSj2YRVIzgQZGVXIvuFqHhEdyZRGhERDcQyHnsIaR4EaZXmGgFlmFnEokja8gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAARCAYAAADtyJ2fAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC3SURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBzMMDo319bGSxgwMdxkYGP7LuuUURxkzLDSObvDBq7E+z8NQloHhDUgDiJ/jJlvMwGB8N7a+XhKnxo6ONB4PGYY9DMZRC2FiDdHGPsh8rBrBipBMhxmE7kwMjSC/IJsOcabsG4+8ekOiNYJslzUxWSEr67EyraODB69GWMCAQhNkAMhGWCARHY9g/8nKrsTmTLwaQXFpxGC0Gz0acMcjUuTDnDyI0ypNNQIAUhtaPk+sshcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, где
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- группа порядка
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAAOCAYAAAAbvf3sAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACTSURBVCjPY2hsbGQgBTPQT0N9faykMQPDXQYGhv+ybjnFHR1pPB4yDHsYjKMW4rQBpsg0Oi/CQ1Z2pYmJ7AqQZpwa6vM8DGUZjE65uRnXeuTVGxL0Q46bbDGDrOxNY7e8FKI8HWXMsJBBxmNPWkcHD9GeNo5u8CEqlBqijX0YGIzvxtbXSxKlAex+tCAc4JgmFgMAd/P2AMvPlwkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Тогда группа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAChSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuZKoQIW4BndYDYEUO4INAQBPxaeSx+nUkAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
принадлежит типу (7).
В данном разделе дано описание групп, у которых каждая максимальная подгруппа группы перестановочна со всеми ее
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAARCAYAAADpPU2iAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADFSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBTNQpAEIGIGYBYxDQ5kJaqjOcjGWY2B4CdTwm8koYhEDw39GnBrq62MlTeTcZqR1dPCA2MaMDHeMoxt8cGpoyMuTACkGsf8DnRZpzLTQOLbem6CnQ0MZmMvDDf0ZjKMWEhVKUSYM84B++MMA8sOqVUxEBWtDsYeBLCPDK1m3nBKi4yHPQ7aIQcZjD8xfBDXURhr6MRhHL8Bpw3+kSEtLCxVwl2XchTeU6mONvUERBsPYFFOelgaHBgC4tx/5FY9sxgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-максимальными подгруппами.
Для доказательства основного результата данного раздела нам понадобятся следующие леммы.
Класс
всех таких абелевых групп
,что
не содержит кубов, является формацией. Доказательство.
Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. И пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- произвольная нормальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Тогда
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
абелева. Так как по определению экспоненты
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
делит
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и поскольку
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
не содержит кубов, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
не содержит кубов. Следовательно,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Покажем, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Тогда
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, где
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Так как
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то по определению экспоненты
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Из того, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAD8AAAAUCAYAAAA6NOUqAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAIoSURBVFjD7VexbgIxDPXUie5FIuIbIDsTOkUVa5HgxFSVCd3CwFQFNpYOfAIj31C+gD9g4A/4h7ZJ8F3iJByoEgzcEAkO2/Gzn58PWCwW8KjnYYFX4G952TzlPeDD9X9ipEK8j5fL2iW2Q86+RCZbdwevgTfENpS4zESLARwB4EefP7tsnr0kPPm07aUc1ZMk6xfgYJ37WL7os1yOa6IBW57Oe3cDr8ExsaHAMTkAdrQ7lBeDsEQVkAKZJGyKdqo4HOBg+6lnbWC7EANuAl51iCadA4+wQYGiPinnciRlncaw7TQbAkULjZuXaNENQyOWTKba2aJUXuHTd139ky1+xm6ayre/7aTzjpGOO2wZiI7DBnUnT6U/Lu0dxo7FpHZB8AhKgaBzqovC2EZk6SsFg78xBnv0xQ6EZj0v8BXiF6W8Ne94d6yh1N8zsAMoAPZ3cxk/0AqayrK9XXEEr30IeFpkh56OgBV3lVEedSJUgBA2B7y52FwWEo5zwqUA2oHtxK4BHxMtHU+k72VUNurvN6cUvEshP4DZsUzSDhfjUDyzAZ+lfUDsTBN89RcD2YmpfFnMUtrTJOmKQPVF5cYZpGygoxFbNbF1prtHAGRJ0r9I5f8aF9rpMdH1VhLtPj5zRFD9fkqaik6o8qFV51CcvKjYtpTyvi7giW+Oi1fdNWe1Wj2JZvOtO/NHxAE569abwD/Gs9nzrd/fz+VY/bGpwFfgK/APc34BgXgeQFCSdV4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
не содержат кубов, следует, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
не содержит кубов. Поскольку группа
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
изоморфна подгруппе из
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
делит
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, и поэтому
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
не содержит кубов. Так как группа
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
абелева, то
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFYAAAARCAYAAABHC1sjAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAPCSURBVFjD7VjNTttAEB6HqqcCvVKy5FTO2EuFhMTNMouAVj0YSCxzKMhCETIFQ/eAipNbrtx6aoETyhuUwgMUnqCU3gs8Qvnprh2DY3s30MItkUYKk92d2W/m+2YFVKtVaNvD238fUAfItYG8B7DsozB7cmtmRwhkvQlIi5A5p1Z7Jg0C18pjJG+a0NGc422ejxcjvIvILwXWBOigjj7YB3DKNv0JDI3u2dTu1bGxEQFJqf3CMNwpWWLUNfOt1vyrlQbhs6LAJSjKVZSnkjcOTId2PXgMCGNg2x+X+YXAUsfsHs0r+wB9p8SrDET+ikcGkAJngK2tyOcX8SS2K+NCUB2zy8jDASLuymNRbtFAq1FOvm/3YAVOAJe2HzwGIt+SzAz9Y3tZjM0EQrTYJWgFW5WJGxnA2Ld9v0ckJSywx/TkKr6nJdXMu1OZUqeTsCaIiluvQ25Ggx0G7BfhTGBr7isfJXZmsjnC2LAvulu6Mgo6j3dq3Co2GYl+4zKAsbUhSma9rONXxHovC84lp4hzWzdywyyHi1uNC7fUZRZDQ6AeTbgu4nvKRsFjTPstyp+DGq65jRfKHPkqmhP8niqgI92hg/FicKlEgH6IYt18qdWcZ4R3a4zq3K4FQ0wmAz41ewf7yCfXL77UAB0S11ez1mCAY0QWl5v8Nh7nMqSX1/GdKArKRQOgC2QsrDH0cuL1BS8Zr5XxezINv0wWgzMxSx5SwAb6BPALGYte+qKNg4IhoR1z+otkgHfFtKpWeReFVdUOk+s4jcYQ2hUyg+s5Gt11aK3zrjLQmAHnyCivZQLE7qeq09W0DMilQCYDstmRBPaEAbuaRQeNgR5pV3Awsd6JdDVWVdZN+CQJLKcwNtx5WacEel70J6UyoODv8bNLGLaz4gX3c4mKQDlLyYBEChoykGJceJZYBlJSMIZgDzKeKwEd4FZ7+aWIXRlJgrpeJkxXF+ea9uXJfsY09WQDLehAC08k2SN6Ddxl8AaNgy1fJhVJ+1hUX4OCfyYLFfglMpAaXpxO/O2a02Z24lQJJm0sYdcwpuLBoncvQqTuUNoZ+RYMtNYoVHdTNxp4Pkt3k12R1dVc8x3HfM5BVKfpm6YcGUOS78mmYhC0XDDKXispiMcIdLvxUkn5JUXK1C4mCUssYCVuQ7bfz3/f3Nx8quu2Fq3nf5MCzIbrCh906vc0+7jhpQhwbp6ONb5OCizVe7DuaSm/PdSfzC0eu1UXujoaTu0tkFmeszAGtt5m+ZHuDj/a/wra1ga2DWwb2LYJ7S/b+db4/FxCYgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Следовательно,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACUSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMbkOijBkWMjAw/IdhWbecYnziOE3PcZMtZmCQfeORV29ISBynIWBbjaMWEiOO1YD6+lhJYwaGu8bRDT7EiGM1pCHa2IeBwfhubH29JDHiRAUsCsbiRQwDOjrSeDxkGPbAQp6QV7AaUp/noyrHILfYJ69eFcUrkcaWwFjZiC4+BFLsCDcEALFAo+f3z59/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
- формация. Лемма доказана.
[4.1]. Пусть
, где
- формация, описанная в лемме. Если каждая максимальная подгруппа группы
перестановочна с любой
-максимальной подгруппой группы
, то
. Доказательство. Предположим, что лемма не верна, и пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
- контрпример минимального порядка. Доказательство разобьем на следующие этапы.
(1) Для любой неединичной нормальной подгруппы
группы
, факторгруппа
. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- максимальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAARCAYAAAC8XK78AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAFZSURBVEjH7ZUxbgIxEEXnABwgSPgQaLYNVTRyQY0EFhWICrmhjrzb7RUoOUUaLpKCG3AHEu/KzuysvUFKpChRimmwmf/nzTdAVVXwkwW/3oDRerOr69G3G3BWTxXAFQBuTU302Zb2gZCeg6Bz6zGRXcj7ivYH3muFcIp9cHUaNFDXu5GewBlAXbV1054h1qA0OEdTzvtieFk7N+af70kd5N2egSj+Pm0Kq2xiEB0X8kSKojgiwIXf8305uawBLyAn76xlqWfhzIshGsfPA5GmDyPl6SHZ7WAG4vRiR7lK4bdEC0+kXZd6DWYt4TY3FHB8Hp0MkBeKAWqq3a/E3wygzYYP43sN4b/LAD8LdLgYx6yXbtYx7l+OfXrM4U+vIBHAlsJHNqRYCnMcSBUvOfy9EKaeWnxazFjY9Wcpl9+764co4u7sHW4hcBJ/JyNCbCj9f+e/4N/AV+sNxnATLk0uidEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
-
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAARCAYAAADpPU2iAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADFSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBTNQpAEIGIGYBYxDQ5kJaqjOcjGWY2B4CdTwm8koYhEDw39GnBrq62MlTeTcZqR1dPCA2MaMDHeMoxt8cGpoyMuTACkGsf8DnRZpzLTQOLbem6CnQ0MZmMvDDf0ZjKMWEhVKUSYM84B++MMA8sOqVUxEBWtDsYeBLCPDK1m3nBKi4yHPQ7aIQcZjD8xfBDXURhr6MRhHL8Bpw3+kSEtLCxVwl2XchTeU6mONvUERBsPYFFOelgaHBgC4tx/5FY9sxgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-максимальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Тогда
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAARCAYAAADdRIy+AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADvSURBVDjL3ZOxDcJADEU9AAOAxNExAPwdTAoWIFG6iAodRWrkpIvEBnTZgwnYIRtkhyATDqFwCRQ0UFxztt/52TrK85y+eeg3gSGoJKKGCFUsMvHlZBHWbQ41hnfp2w7bAlMHVhbdmNhgYYhq34O9wLbLV2BRbEcrzE4KfO5sECgST5h5D6IKUbZ+jllGwoyDqnZjvUDVRRwnXaCqgm2yY5P2zdcLjADZiJ0HUzo7LVVl8MFmdqz3hLD8aMuqC0TymOO9UFV1nm4hPl0v8KZ7T3ZAp6p3Q7peoOq65FuxWV6A4LgtilG36z/6ev8NvALZ9e8g64/EfgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
- максимальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABcAAAAUCAYAAABmvqYOAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAEZSURBVEjH7ZQxbgIxEEX/AbgAEqNUOQBMlSKpopEL6ki7FlUiKuSGGg3bbcMhuAcn4AYU3IA7JAyKN8nGWnkTpYhEMXJh+e3M8/eiqir8VeEKz4LX9XzgRtgBeAWX29ShtefpZR90ckHHvTsvGdsUXHU2ZOCIkdvN63rQW0sXoGTaEOFAslj+yLkW7kGEVwAfZ6rDzzpYZEWgQ5eOTrh37jmEx3vCZB/hl2nY60JomaMkCTeISHiydQLaxw49sxYabu2yc5Sk4WclBoze2a+n1q2t7Q/2hpsSGzlG0hyzhJcmgplKvsGj1y9xfIc1+W/FM06YUpV4GB+PxzzbhWpwYwJOzX6rezvbCf9N/WN4wXc35/he/+dZ9QavdKA39DObygAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
-
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAARCAYAAADpPU2iAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADDSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBTNQpAEIGIGYBYJDmQlqqM5yMZZjYHgJ1PCbyTBiEQPDf0acGurrYyVN5NxmpHV08IDYxowMd4yjG3xwamjIy5MAKQax/wOdFmnMtNA4tt6boKdDQxmYy8MN/RmMoxYSFUpRRgzzgX74wwD2wyomooK1odjDQJaR4ZWsW04J0fGQ5yFbxCDrsRvmL4IaaiMN/RiMoxfgtOE/UqSlpYUKuMsy7sIbSvWxxt6gCINhbIopT0uDQwMAlXwe9ywk9XYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
-максимальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Из того, что по условию подгруппы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAARCAYAAADdRIy+AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADvSURBVDjL3ZOxDcJADEU9AAOAxNExAPwdTAoWIFG6iAodRWrkpIvEBnTZgwnYIRtkhyATDqFwCRQ0UFxztt/52TrK85y+eeg3gSGoJKKGCFUsMvHlZBHWbQ41hnfp2w7bAlMHVhbdmNhgYYhq34O9wLbLV2BRbEcrzE4KfO5sECgST5h5D6IKUbZ+jllGwoyDqnZjvUDVRRwnXaCqgm2yY5P2zdcLjADZiJ0HUzo7LVVl8MFmdqz3hLD8aMuqC0TymOO9UFV1nm4hPl0v8KZ7T3ZAp6p3Q7peoOq65FuxWV6A4LgtilG36z/6ev8NvALZ9e8g64/EfgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
перестановочны, мы имеем
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Поскольку
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и поэтому по выбору группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
мы заключаем, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
(2)
имеет единственную минимальную нормальную подгруппу
для некоторого простого
, и
где
- максимальная подгруппа группы
с
. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADPSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMXkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPyXdcspRpaLMmZYCBIHY+OohQRdAtFgfDe2vl4SWTzHTbbYOLrBh6B36utjJU1MTGYaMzDcRdbQ0ZHG42bsVpvW0cFD0JCGaGMfkGaQrcjOBnnV2C0vhaiAzXNzCwN5AxI+sjc98uoNIeLGKTA2XkNATvbwiE6Gs2UY9oACGJdXcMaOR2S9HbLXGGQ89uTludhi8wpWQ3LcjL198upVkQJZGBjAy+TkTDqRxYdIih01hAEAqlqorvkPqLoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- минимальная нормальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Ввиду леммы,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC3SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLOmDhxIpuHPEMcg7xHHIiNYkisuRoDg3yZSzmqC4ZQih3BhgAArZymoqwuePMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- разрешимая группа, и поэтому
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADPSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMXkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPyXdcspRpaLMmZYCBIHY+OohQRdAtFgfDe2vl4SWTzHTbbYOLrBh6B36utjJU1MTGYaMzDcRdbQ0ZHG42bsVpvW0cFD0JCGaGMfkGaQrcjOBnnV2C0vhaiAzXNzCwN5AxI+sjc98uoNIeLGKTA2XkNATvbwiE6Gs2UY9oACGJdXcMaOR2S9HbLXGGQ89uTludhi8wpWQ3LcjL198upVkQJZGBjAy+TkTDqRxYdIih01hAEAqlqorvkPqLoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- элементарная абелева
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
-группа для некоторого простого
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAARCAYAAADtyJ2fAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGQgBzMMvMb6PA9DWQaGNwwMDP+Noxt8oowZFoLYDAzGd2Pr6yXx2lhfHytpxCB7SlaW4SZIc0dHGo+HDMMeWbecYrwaG6KNfRhkjU5F5tWrgvhEawQ5D2QTqvNlb3rk1Rvi9iPYmUa7kf0D9qdx1ELCgSPrsTKto4MHrgktYLBqzHGTLYaEIhSj2YRVIzgQZGVXIvuFqHhEdyZRGhERDcQyHnsIaR4EaZXmGgFlmFnEokja8gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Так как
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACfSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMbkNy3GSLGRgY/uPEMh570jo6eAi6pCHa2IeBQfaNR169IboFsm45xUR5B+waNBthhhtHN/gQZUiUMcNCZBvz3NzCYuvrJYkOk/r6WEkjBtlTMK/U53kYysp6rER3FV5DIOGBFpjGUQtJih2QV5A1YQtMvIYAvSJszMCwzDiywRIuFuuj75NXrzpEU+wINwQAijCnjYwMYg4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- насыщенная формация , то ввиду (1),
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADPSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMXkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPyXdcspRpaLMmZYCBIHY+OohQRdAtFgfDe2vl4SWTzHTbbYOLrBh6B36utjJU1MTGYaMzDcRdbQ0ZHG42bsVpvW0cFD0JCGaGMfkGaQrcjOBnnV2C0vhaiAzXNzCwN5AxI+sjc98uoNIeLGKTA2XkNATvbwiE6Gs2UY9oACGJdXcMaOR2S9HbLXGGQ89uTludhi8wpWQ3LcjL198upVkQJZGBjAy+TkTDqRxYdIih01hAEAqlqorvkPqLoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
- единственная минимальная нормальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- максимальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAC2SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMfkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPwHYxmPPXkNeRJuxm61aR0dPHgN6ehI4/GQYdjDwCD7xiOv3hDDUOOohXhdAjcAaCu6bSCc4yZbbBzd4IPXEJAidBegeDHSww6bHKYrsDiX6ICtr4+VNGZguCvrllOMrKAh2tgHHrhgbHw3tr5ekiRDkOVwuRLJO+WcHrIMvQyyHr3lHR2cKK6JNLYEhtVGn7x61SGaYkewIQBEqqb6YFJ8rQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
, не содержащая
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADPSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMXkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPyXdcspRpaLMmZYCBIHY+OohQRdAtFgfDe2vl4SWTzHTbbYOLrBh6B36utjJU1MTGYaMzDcRdbQ0ZHG42bsVpvW0cFD0JCGaGMfkGaQrcjOBnnV2C0vhaiAzXNzCwN5AxI+sjc98uoNIeLGKTA2XkNATvbwiE6Gs2UY9oACGJdXcMaOR2S9HbLXGGQ89uTludhi8wpWQ3LcjL198upVkQJZGBjAy+TkTDqRxYdIih01hAEAqlqorvkPqLoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. По тождеству Дедекинда, мы имеем
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Из того, что
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAARCAYAAAA7bUf6AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADPSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDMMXkPq8zwMZRkY3jAwMPyXdcspRpaLMmZYCBIHY+OohQRdAtFgfDe2vl4SWTzHTbbYOLrBh6B36utjJU1MTGYaMzDcRdbQ0ZHG42bsVpvW0cFD0JCGaGMfkGaQrcjOBnnV2C0vhaiAzXNzCwN5AxI+sjc98uoNIeLGKTA2XkNATvbwiE6Gs2UY9oACGJdXcMaOR2S9HbLXGGQ89uTludhi8wpWQ3LcjL198upVkQJZGBjAy+TkTDqRxYdIih01hAEAqlqorvkPqLoAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
абелева, следует, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и поэтому
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Это показывает, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.