![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAQCAYAAAAWGF8bAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACjSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgJmYYcANXMTAwMTD8Z6SagVHGDPNl3bJKcBmKYDAwMAIxMyGclhbK7ybDsFfWLaMUm6FwRkOssTdQwx9SMMSlq5ioEin19bGSxgwMt5mMIxciu5SiGAV6n89dhnGPrEdWEdlhCMN5eaEyxgyMdxiMo+ZTHIZAm/8B6b/ILiPby+VAb3rIMu42jm3wpl46xOKywZP1hr6BAEwsq9Bo0/qFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
. Пусть для каждого элемента
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и каждого элемента
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
существуют целое число
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAwAAAANCAYAAACdKY9CAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAACXSURBVCjPY2hsbGQgBTNQpAEImEAYymaE8hmxaqjP8zCUZWB4xcBgfCe2vFyqPtLYF6j4n3F0gw9OG6qzXIxkZT1W5kSaRjIYG+80ZpA94ZFXb4hTQ46bbLGsickKWePoHqL8EGXMsJBB1nNXWkcHD0EN9fWxkkYMRrtj6+sliQolsCeNoxcQHaxA58w3jm3wpm3E0UQDANDx3ZFcKcWDAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
и элемент
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
такие, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Так как из равенства
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
вытекает включение
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, а из равенства
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
следует, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, значит
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Ввиду того, что для любой подгруппы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADMSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQXTMQMAIxExJmJFpznodsEVDDPyD+D8R/GWQ9d6V1dPAQ7eyGaGMfBgbZNx559YYk+znHTbaEQdZjNzYb8Wru6Ejj8ZBh2CPrkVdEcoBVZ7kYyTLI3sTnZJyawU6W8diDz8lYNcOczGAcvYDkeK6vj5U0ZmC4axzd4IMl7hnxa4409mVgML4TW18viS6OYSCyyWlpoXxAJ+9lMIpahJzCgAFoLMtgdArdQESiiDX2BqcmXBhLGDAMrlxFLAYAyUtjNX7fRNYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
из
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
имеем
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, где
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то получаем равенство
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Это означает, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
полунормальна в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Лемма доказана.
Лемма 2.1.10 Пусть
, подгруппа
нормальна в группе
. Подгруппа
полунормальна в группе
тогда и только тогда, когда подгруппа
полунормальна в группе
. Доказательство. Пусть подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADjSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmaguWFAwAjETEiYEZ84XsOijRkWABX+A+L/QPxX1iOvCJ84QW/muMkWMzDIvvbIqzckRhyvYVHGDAsZjKMXECuO07D6+lhJYwaGu8bRDT7EiOM3LNLYl4HB+G5oebk0coDDxGPr6yWJNgzsFUhA/0XD/3F5EathHR1pPB4yDHvQY4qQF7EaVp3lYiTLIHsTPbYaoo19gLH4Blss4jQMGPUlDLIeu9M6OniIEcdqGCg1l5eHSoO8IuuWU4Kc6rGJ4zUsz0O2CCWwoQGNLo4elvTN6IPCMABhaLb46r0WOgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
полунормальна в группе
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Тогда по лемме 2.1.7 подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
полунормальна в группе
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Обратно, если
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACEAAAATCAYAAAAeVmTJAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAGlSURBVEjH7VU9bsIwFH7d4QAgnDvQp65MleuBrkgQZQJlqJAHQPLQH8OWpRfoBOcoB2kluEHPAI1NXDmOk7QTHUB6Ivpiv/f5+95zYLVawbnj7AT+N4n0d+VGHV62vy53KYkQYZ0uOKRxVP+E8Vk1jjKSsqWepYxaCLDT6zpsGydJw+RNkrjBCLxnOQ6A4brSjiklcwDyxbjsVuG6KIbS3b8Msa/W3T48XrvvRkhe7bylJEYIG8DRpg5XxTBc9t11nOIkCODDzaFJB3dvtkJeApmkeze5D7etyMnOwvFJDdxHQrR/cnDWRcontY1pb7abSA7xXuO2/x4rTCFDmtDp3FbItbjcCtM8+Tj+1gpTSDdz1qBKIYr02bbCS0JL2YGtzf6vVtiFlCoEyKdqUJ8VXhJmkyuZ6fa6qVA4pXxQGMtUQZ8VXhLpCC7c+fbhiiwbyl6BxJD1yg4QYH4qCiRU4wkRtbNGWti3oQ/nlA5cK4SIm6kVL7EQTY+VO9fiAgnOyCzXhNlt5uLqltQSI3uyT3U6rVmHO5cgZzdjnxWXr+iFhC++AZzFYmf+FWCyAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
полунормальна в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то из определения полунормальной подгруппы получаем, что существует подгруппа
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
из факторгруппы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
такая, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, где
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Откуда следует, что
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADkAAAATCAYAAAAqL6XVAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAIbSURBVFjD7VcxbsIwFDWdKTsFHwLc3gBFQdAxQ4kyVcqAUAZAyoDahC3HgM49QaF7r4CAE5QrALUdO3WNnSDUSBUF6S0/X/5+z+9/GzAej8G54+wJ/m+S+FfAuBJQ0MWPzC3kRiClfipJG4EJTtph7DG20PT6urhnwr4Q2/HcngEHPA/A5psbRcU8yHUQmNIaHMieuK5VMpDxxGtqF4k3CT9NL6hlxUMbtQlB5IQtvoFRt1GHAH04QVDO4/SCB3RPxZUEDB3UomIbvUFmT1KFsCrHxDHxIYDmjBQj6tITz+H0ODhBLqrqgJAdtlNJBoFTRgCsxURdPIrcolkFc6Kc71sV/H2pK57RS1eq3pIROwRsVAfA4Zl3j6LTUpRCa8v3K2JhFl+JFgw8swYBXBgGepa/pYH191YLDYm4B9FarqMSLZUka+adovheLp70BoCbRndUz/Mq4K4BVXMutgKNQzATByAWYsmF0C7Ep2SWhakgt83XuAhW2PdvThz9mXblewCoM1WtyQbgXt67xvNwIU/VeAG4EeMi8URNorLvX+dh14RkvfOiGThDVcuoE9mkzIrLPco2sTqW6CmIxTlsjcTKCnF+2IdNxzWelEPx5SDHCciFixd9J6qKudgJiE4/TNRy3dJvv3aYkEsirjgYeV3VZBfGLn25HNhFjhO/swv3O5fdiQdx4bWUz4lKFtfczZd/IReSF5J/C18npLXpr79VgAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADVSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQXfN/BgZGBgYGZgRexUS05iwP2SKgpr9A/B9My7rvSuvo4CHa2fWRxr4MDLKvPfLqDUn2c46bbAmDrMdubDbi1VxensbrIcOwR9Yjr4jkAKvOcjGSZZC9ic/JODWDnSzjsQefk7Fq7uhI4wE5mcE4egHJ8VxeHitlxMB41zi2wRtFISTuGfFqhkSR8Z3Y+npJZI0gcQwDkRWkpYXyu8kw7GUwiliEnMKAAWgsy2B8EtlAFM0NscbeQIV/cGLjqPm0zxh00QwAGNtjHwTlh5IAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
– наименьшая подгруппа из
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
такая, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Рассмотрим произвольную собственную подгруппу
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAAXCAYAAADtNKTnAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAD0SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMAEOAgBGImZAwI8mG5HnIFgE1/gPi/0D8l0HWY3daRwcPyd5piDb2YWCQfeORV29IdpjkuMmWEHIBXkM6OtJ4PGQY9sh65BWRHbDVWS5GsgyyN4nxCk5DwF6R8dhDjFewGgLzCoNx9AKy00l9faykMQPDXePoBh9caYewIZHGvgwMxndj6+slUcSjdQJlRRnuAuXuoMuh2JSWFsoH9MpeBqOoRcgpFhjQxrIMRqci6/NU3eWMZ+E0pCHW2BucOnFhYBiBwguvIcTgwWNIeXkaL9CQ2bHl5VJkGxJtzLAAW64eZsUjALaWKzPSMkNZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
из
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAARCAYAAAACCvahAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADUSURBVDjLY2hsbGQgFzNQXfN/BgZGBgYGZgRexUS05iwP2SKgpr9A/B9My7rvSuvo4CHa2Q3Rxj4MDLKvPfLqDUn2c46bbAmDrMdubDbi1dzRkcbjIcOwR9Yjr4jkAKvOcjGSZZC9ic/JODWDnSzjsQefk7FqhjmZwTh6AcnxXF4eK2XEwHjXOLbBG0UhJO4Z8WqujzT2ZWAwvhNbXy+JrBEkjmEgsoK0tFB+NxmGvQxGEYuQUxgwAI1lGYxOIRuIorkh1tgbqPAPTmwcNZ/2GYMumgFyl2NCGhDLQAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
.
Если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– собственная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, поэтому
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Если
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABEAAAAXCAYAAADtNKTnAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAAD0SURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFDOMAEOAgBGImZAwI8mG5HnIFgE1/gPi/0D8l0HWY3daRwcPyd5piDb2YWCQfeORV29IdpjkuMmWEHIBXkM6OtJ4PGQY9sh65BWRHbDVWS5GsgyyN4nxCk5DwF6R8dhDjFewGgLzCoNx9AKy00l9faykMQPDXePoBh9caYewIZHGvgwMxndj6+slUcSjdQJlRRnuAuXuoMuh2JSWFsoH9MpeBqOoRcgpFhjQxrIMRqci6/NU3eWMZ+E0pCHW2BucOnFhYBiBwguvIcTgwWNIeXkaL9CQ2bHl5VJkGxJtzLAAW64eZsUjALaWKzPSMkNZAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
не содержит
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Это означает, что
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADkSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmaguWFAwAjETEiYEZ84XsOijRkWABX+A+L/QPxX1iOvCJ84QW/muMkWMzDIvvbIqzckRhyvYVHGDAsZjKMXECuO07D6+lhJYwaGu8bRDT7EiOM3LNLYl4HB+G5oebk0coBDxe/E1tdLEm0Y2CuQgP6Lhv/j8iJWwzo60ng8ZBj2oMcUIS9iNaw6y8VIlkH2JnpsNUQb+wBj8Q22WMRpGDDqSxhkPXandXTwECOO1TBQai4vD5UGeUXWLacEOdVjE8drWJ6HbBFKYEMDGl0cPSzpm9EHhWEAXpq2990nPYMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
полунормальна в
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Лемма доказана.
Лемма 2.1.11 Пусть подгруппа
полунормальна в
,
и
. Тогда для любого
подгруппа
перестановочна со всеми сопряженными подгруппами
. Доказательство. Если элемент
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, где
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Из полунормальности подгруппы
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADpSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoL0/jdZNh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v/JMqA+0tjX2M2tVpZB9qZHXr0hSQaA/C1rHN3TEG3sw8BgfDe2vl6SaAPA/jZ2qwtNS+OrjTT0I8kAkL+jjRkWAOm/IMzIwPCPQcZjT1pHBw9RBoD9HdvgDeODA5EYA0A2w/yNLA42wDhqId6UCARMYL/KuO1NKy/nhRmYlhbKB0oDsm45JQwMq5iwGlBfHytpzMBwG+ZnWY+8IpB4Q6yxN0wMjGXddyF7g2Ho5UZ0DABRWIG2vnPnxwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
вытекает, что
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Имеем
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Поэтому
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.
Лемма доказана.
Лемма 2.1.12 Произведение квазинормальной и полунормальной подгрупп является полунормальной подгруппой. В частности, произведение нормальной и полунормальной подгрупп есть полунормальная подгруппа.
Доказательство. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– квазинормальная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAARCAYAAADUryzEAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADrSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgBDPQ3QAgYCTbgOosFyNjt7wUsgwoTwvlc5Nh2Gsc3eBDsgEgZ0cZMywE0v9JNgCkuT7S2NfYza1WlkH2pkdevSFJBoD8LWsc3dMQbezDwGB8N7a+XpJoA8D+NnarC01L46uNNPQjyQCQ06ONGRYA6b8gzMjA8I9BxmNPWkcHD0ED4P6ObfCGiYEDkRgDQJph/kYWBxtgHL0Ab0oEAiawX2Xc9qaVl/PCDEyDpgFZt6wSBoZVTFgNqK+PlTRmYLgN9fMfWY+sIpB4Q6yxNywcQOIMsu67kL3BMPRyIzoGAAq4fmgf1ilPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
– полунормальная подгруппа с супердобавлением
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADvSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmaguWGrGBiYGFAxIz5xvIZFGTPMByr8B8T/gfivrEdeET5xgt7McZMtZmCQfe2RV29IjDhew6KMGBYxGEcvIFYcp2H19bGSxgwMd42jG3yIEcdvWKSxLwOD8d3Q8nJp5ACvjTT0A4rfia2vlyTaMGBAL4QG9F80/B+XF7Ea1tGRxuMhw7AHPaYIeRGrYdVZLkayDLI30WOrIdrYBxiLb7DFIk7DgFFfwiDrsTuto4OHGHGshoFSc3l5qDTIK7JuOSUMDKuYsIujpnqshuV5yBahBLZx1Hxs4uhhSd+MPigMAwAOCbjv7P8bIwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
. Тогда
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAD0AAAAXCAYAAAC4VUe5AAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAALPSURBVFjD7VjBbtpAEB3DNWnOab18Q+JV/yB1Nkramw824tTKqhDyAVr5kCY2N6T+QXsIyTGfQMOHNIUPqJJPKNAdL4bFXlt2WqpKcBghzS6z82bem12AbrcLm2YbB3gLegs6azOABjDTZN8tQIX7q0sT61n+dVv63NtKnPuTQJ83jyg1vXeyz6FwxSsx4UFn3CaENdt5/rV1L2oIVG1aueafvxZG633XtfZMal64vd5OKdC+az0zdRjSeniWXGuZ5AMAeWCd8KCI/2mARMey1i/swzdYXCDHgxgcWtigp1h8YrY6pTqNQXnnsIJTFWjHgBusaFF/WaoGNn0N1LnKB6xNaSM8Ve3hxe/IeRcCjIdSxj4RIN+ZFxyuMMBvPDdAGycPzPKXAVun0BcUVQOeS84goD3m7Wmxl29lthXRsUGo8zms0zMAOm4Ewb68HnUBjLHlebo8QET16Si5P88s/j3U3wmBAYItUjDBwHRe6YFmVQuBjnRMzUvLdffmIFLBxaHaZGV4cMMxX4baghkwLjMDej13h+lwBzq7k3WM/mNRuPkgxfyM+zj3XFrbMb0EiGkyuO+7u3goYV5bBUCl/yxrMtIWVLb78lWTZ0HQ2KdYKOpcq9YFO7VZMr98HUv0ijqaAC30lNa5oDzvmOQXdFtSLMtw2kbgyckAGZb3nTnoERjOjXwPr94eaYkpAeN9jDpO0ThB1ygoYd/kQqj8Md20EhoPO+ygBvCTJ/3D8v0XWZ0X7wHyeNQ8pwrqD1USSw2SSLu6OXT93m5chOhy5wGI+f4jHo5d8zxLRwrHPtyL4ln1L19hEfAa/VJmsMXd5PHus6ZzvK6BMZKHadQ40B5UwzAdfK7h+AW1oFts/PK3GblcffWIhBa6TMT4E9BFDTueHKbJh8o//8GxbtD/5a+sjQSNd/6rGv2KQ2ljQC80l6Gz7Z8IW9Bb0H/FfgMMirchr6kRdwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
– собственная подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
для всех собственных подгрупп
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
из
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADkSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmaguWFAwAjETEiYEZ84XsOijRkWABX+A+L/QPxX1iOvCJ84QW/muMkWMzDIvvbIqzckRhyvYVHGDAsZjKMXECuO07D6+lhJYwaGu8bRDT7EiOM3LNLYl4HB+G5oebk0coBDxe/E1tdLEm0Y2CuQgP6Lhv/j8iJWwzo60ng8ZBj2oMcUIS9iNaw6y8VIlkH2JnpsNUQb+wBj8Q22WMRpGDDqSxhkPXandXTwECOO1TBQai4vD5UGeUXWLacEOdVjE8drWJ6HbBFKYEMDGl0cPSzpm9EHhWEAXpq2990nPYMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
. Пусть
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– наименьшая в
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABMAAAARCAYAAAA/mJfHAAAAAXNSR0ICQMB9xQAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBlSsOGwAAABl0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUATWljcm9zb2Z0IE9mZmljZX/tNXEAAADvSURBVDjLY2hsbGSgFmaguWGrGBiYGFAxIz5xvIZFGTPMByr8B8T/gfivrEdeET5xgt7McZMtZmCQfe2RV29IjDhew6KMGBYxGEcvIFYcp2H19bGSxgwMd42jG3yIEcdvWKSxLwOD8d3Q8nJp5ACvjTT0A4rfia2vlyTaMGBAL4QG9F80/B+XF7Ea1tGRxuMhw7AHPaYIeRGrYdVZLkayDLI30WOrIdrYBxiLb7DFIk7DgFFfwiDrsTuto4OHGHGshoFSc3l5qDTIK7JuOSUMDKuYsIujpnqshuV5yBahBLZx1Hxs4uhhSd+MPigMAwAOCbjv7P8bIwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
подгруппа, для которой
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
. Если
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
, а так как
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
– подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
квазинормальная, то
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
и
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
есть подгруппа группы
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
.