4. Please try and understand how I feel --- in my position.
5. They had a great time. They really ---.
6. Be careful! That pan is very hot. Don't ---.
7. Sometimes I can't say exactly what I mean. I wish I could --- better.
82.2 Put in myself/yourself/ourselves etc. or me/you/us etc.
1. Julia had a great holiday. She enjoyed herself.
2. It's not my fault. You can't blame ---.
3. What I did was very wrong. I'm ashamed of ---.
4. We've got a problem. I hope you can help ---.
5. 'Can I take another biscuit?' 'Of course. Help ---!'
6. Take some money with --- in case you need it.
7. Don't worry about Tom and me. We can look after ---.
8. I gave them a key to our house so that they could let --- in.
9. When they come to visit us, they always bring their dog with ---.
82.3 Complete these sentences. Use myself/yourself etc. only where necessary, Use one of these verbs (in the correct form): concentrate defend dry feel meet relax shave wash
1. Martin decided to grow a beard because he was fed up with _shaving._
2. I wasn't very well yesterday but I --- much better today.
3. She climbed out of the swimming pool and --- with a towel.
4, I tried to study but I just couldn't ---.
5. If somebody attacks you, you need to be able to ---.
6. I'm going out with Chris this evening. We're --- at the station at 7.30.
7. You're always rushing around. Why don't you sit down and ---?
8. There was no water, so we couldn't ---.
82.4 Complete the sentences with -selves or each other.
1. How long have you and Bill known _each other?_
2. If people work too hard, they can make ---ill.
3. I need you and you need me. We need ---.
4. In Britain friends often give --- presents at Christmas.
5. Some people are very selfish. They only think of ---.
6. Nora and I don't see --- very often these days.
7. We couldn't get back into the house. We had locked --- out.
8. They've had an argument. They're not speaking to --- at the moment.
9. We'd never met before, so we introduced --- to ---.
82.5 Complete the answers to the questions using myself/yourself/itself etc.
1. Who repaired the bicycle for you? Nobody. I repaired it myself.
2. Did Brian have his hair cut by a hairdresser? No, he cut ---.
3. Do you want me to post that letter for you? No, I'll ---.
4. Who told you that Linda was getting married? Linda ---.
5. Can you phone John for me? Why can't you ---?
UNIT 83. There ... and it ...
A. There and it'
We use there ... when we talk about something for the first time, to say that it exists:
* There's a new restaurant in King Street. (not 'A new restaurant is in King Street')
* The journey took a long time. There was a lot of traffic. (not 'It was a lot of traffic')
* * Things are much more expensive now. There has been a big rise in the cost of living.
It = a particular thing, place, fact, situation etc. (but see also Section C:
* We went to the new restaurant. It's very good. (it = the restaurant)
* 'Was the traffic bad?' 'Yes, it was terrible.' (it = the traffic)
* I wasn't expecting them to come. It (= that they came) was a complete surprise.
Compare:
* I don't like this town. There's nothing to do here. It's a boring place.
Note that there also means 'to/at/in that place':
* The new restaurant is very good. I went there (= to the restaurant) last night.
* When we arrived at the party, there were already a lot of people there (= at the party).
B. You can say there will be, there must be, there used to be etc.
* Will there be many people at the party?
* 'Is there a flight to Paris this evening?' 'There might be. I'll phone the airport.'
* If people drove more carefully, there wouldn't be so many accidents.
Also: there must have been, there should have been etc.:
* There was a light on. There must have been somebody at home.
Compare there and it:
* They live on a busy road. There must be a lot of noise from the traffic.
They live on a busy main road. It must be very noisy.
* There used to be a cinema in King Street but it closed a few years ago.
That building is now a supermarket. It used to be a cinema.
You can also say there is sure/certain/likely to be something (see also Unit 64E):
* There is sure to be a flight to Paris this evening.
C. We use it in sentences like this:
* It's dangerous to walk in the road. (It = to walk in the road)
It is unusual to say 'To walk in the road is dangerous.' Normally we begin with It...
* It didn't take us long to get here. (it = to get here)
* It's a pity (that) Sandra can't come to the party. (It = that Sandra can't come)
* Let's go. It's not worth waiting any longer. (It = waiting any longer)
We use it to talk about distance, time and weather:
* It's a long way from here to the airport.
* How far is it to the airport?
* What day is it today?
* It's a long time since I last saw you.
* It's going to be a nice day.
* It was windy. (but 'There was a cold wind.')
EXERCISES
83.1 Put in there is/was or it is/was. Some sentences are questions (is there ...?/is it ...? etc.) and some are negative (isn't/wasn't).
1. The journey took a long time. _There was_ a lot of traffic.
2. What's the new restaurant like? is _it_ good?
3. '--- a bookshop near here?' 'Yes, --- one in Hill Street.'
4. When we got to the cinema --- a queue outside ---a very long queue, so we decided not to wait.
5. I couldn't see anything --- completely dark.
6. --- trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.
7. How far --- from Milan to Rome?
8. --- Keith's birthday yesterday. We had a party.
9. --- three years since I last went to the theatre.
10. I wanted to visit the museum but --- enough time.
11. '--- time to go?' 'Yes, --- nearly midnight.'
12. A few days ago --- a storm. --- a lot of damage.
13. --- a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.
14. --- anything on television, so I turned it off.
15. --- an accident in King Street but --- very serious.
83.2 Read the first sentence and then write a sentence beginning There...
1. The roads were busy today. _There was a lot of traffic._
2. This soup is very salty. There --- in the soup.
3. The box was empty. --- in the box.
4. The film was very violent. ---
5.The shops were very crowded. ---
6. I like this town - it's lively. ---
83.3 Complete the sentences. Use there will be, there would be etc. Choose from:
will might would wouldn't should used to (be) going to
1. If people drove more carefully, there would be fewer accidents.
2. 'Have we got any eggs?' 'I'm not sure --- some in the fridge.'
3. I think everything will be OK. I don't think --- any problems.
4. Look at the sky --- a storm.
5. 'Is there a school in the village?' 'Not now --- one but it closed.'
6. People drive too fast on this road. I think --- a speed limit.
7. If people weren't aggressive --- any wars.
83.4 Are these sentences right or wrong? Change it to there where necessary.
1. They live on a busy road. It must be a lot of noise. _WRONG; There must be ..._
2. Last winter it was very cold and it was a lot of snow.
3. I wish it was warmer. I hate cold weather.
4. It used to be a church here, but it was knocked down.
5. It's a long way from my house to the nearest shop.
6. Why was she so unfriendly? It must have been a reason.
7. I don't know who will win but it's sure to be a good match.
8. 'Where can we park the car?' 'Don't worry. It's sure to be a car park somewhere.'
9. After the lecture it will be an opportunity to ask questions.
10. I like the place where I live but it would be nicer to live by the sea.
11. I was told that it would be somebody to meet me at the station but it wasn't anybody.
UNIT 84. Some and any
A. In general we use some (also somebody/someone/something) in positive sentences and any (also anybody etc.) in negative sentences (but see also Sections C and D):
#1 some
* We bought some flowers.
* He's busy. He's got some work to do.
* There's somebody at the door.
* I'm hungry. I want something to eat.
#2 any
* We didn't buy any flowers.
* He's lazy. He never does any work.
* There isn't anybody at the door.
* I'm not hungry. I don't want anything to eat.
We use any in the following sentences because the meaning is negative:
* She went out without any money. (She didn't take any money with her.)
* He refused to eat anything. (He didn't eat anything.)
* Hardly anybody passed the examination. (= almost nobody passed)
B. In most questions we use any:
* 'Have you got any luggage?' 'No, I haven't.'
* 'Has anybody seen my bag?' 'Yes, it's under the table.'
But we use some in questions when we expect the answer 'yes':
* What's wrong? Have you got something in your eye? (It seems that you have got
something in your eye and I expect you to answer 'yes'.)
We use some in questions when we offer or ask for things:
* Would you like something to eat?
* Can I have some sugar, please?
C. We often use any after if:
* If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?
* If anyone has any questions, I'll be pleased to answer them.
* Let me know if you need anything.
The following sentences have the idea of if:
* I'm sorry for any trouble I've caused. (= if I have caused any trouble)
* Anyone who wants to do the exam must give me their names today. (= if there is anyone)
D. We also use any with the meaning 'it doesn't matter which':
* You can catch any bus. They all go to the centre. (= it doesn't matter which bus you catch)
* 'Sing a song.' 'Which song shall I sing?' 'Any song. I don't mind.' (= it doesn't matter which song)
* Come and see me any time you want.
* 'Let's go out somewhere.' 'Where shall we go?' 'Anywhere. I don't mind.'
* We left the door unlocked. Anybody could have come in.
Compare something and anything:
* A: I'm hungry. I want something to eat.
B: What would you like?
A: I don't mind. Anything. (= something, but it doesn't matter what)
E. Somebody/someone/anybody/anyone are singular words:
* Someone is here to see you.
But we often use they/them/their after these words:
* Someone has forgotten their umbrella. (= his or her umbrella)
* If anybody wants to leave early, they can. (= he or she can)
EXERCISES
84.1 Complete the sentences with some or any.
1. We didn't buy _any_ flowers.
2. This evening I'm going out with --- friends of mine.
3. 'Have you seen --- good films recently?' 'No, I haven't been to the cinema for ages.'
4. I didn't have --- money, so I had to borrow ---.
5. Can I have --- milk in my coffee, please?
6. I was too tired to do --- work.
7. You can cash these traveller's cheques at --- bank.
8. Can you give me --- information about places of interest in the town?
9. With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on --- train you like.
10. If there are --- words you don't understand, use a dictionary.
84.2 Complete the sentences with some- or any- + -body/-thing/-where.
1. I was too surprised to say _anything._
2. There's --- at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
3. Does --- mind if I open the window?
4. I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat ---.
5. You must be hungry. Would you like --- to eat?
6. Quick, let's go! There's --- coming and I don't want --- to see us.
7. Sally was upset about --- and refused to talk to ---.
8. This machine is very easy to use --- can learn to use it in a very short time.
9. There was hardly --- on the beach. It was almost deserted.
10. 'Do you live --- near Jim?' 'No, he lives in another part of town.'
11. We slept in a park because we didn't have --- to stay.
12. 'Where shall we go on holiday?' 'Let's go --- warm and sunny.'
13. They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go ---.
14. I'm going out now. If --- phones while I'm out, can you tell them I'll be back at 11.30?
15. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost ---?
16. --- who saw the accident should contact the police.
17. Sue is very secretive. She never tells --- (2 words)
84.3 Complete the sentences. Use any (+ noun) or anybody/anything/anywhere.
1. Which bus do I have to catch? Any bus. They all go to the centre.
2. Which day shall I come? I don't mind. ---.
3. What do you want to eat? ---. I don't mind. Whatever you have.
4. Where shall I sit? It's up to you. You can sit ---you like.
5. What sort of job are you looking for? ---. It doesn't matter.
6. What time shall I phone tomorrow? ---. I'll be in all day.
7. Who shall I invite to the party? I don't mind. --- you like.
8. Which newspaper shall I buy? ---. Whatever they have in the shop.
UNIT 85. No/none/any
A. No none nothing nobody/no one nowhere
You can use these negative words at the beginning of a sentence or alone:
* No cars are allowed in the city centre.
* None of this money is mine.
* 'What did you say?' 'Nothing.'
* Nobody (or No one) came to visit me while I was in hospital.
* 'Where are you going?' 'Nowhere. I'm staying here.'
You can also use these words after a verb, especially after be and have:
* The house is empty. There's nobody living there.
* She had no difficulty finding a job.
No/nothing/nobody etc. = not + any/anything/anybody etc.:
* We haven't got any money. (= We've got no money.)
* I didn't say anything. (= I said nothing.)
* She didn't tell anybody about her plans. (= She told nobody...)
* The station isn't anywhere near here. (= ... is nowhere near here)
When you use no/nothing/nobody etc., do not use a negative verb (isn't, didn't, can't etc.):
* I said nothing. (not 'I didn't say nothing')
* Nobody tells me anything. (not 'Nobody doesn't tell ...')
B. We also use any/anything/anybody etc. (without 'not') to mean 'it doesn't matter which/ hat/who' (see Unit 84D). Compare no- and any-:
* 'What do you want to eat?' 'Nothing. I'm not hungry.'
I'm so hungry. I could eat anything. (= it doesn't matter what)
* The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. (= everybody failed)
The exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed. (= it doesn't matter who)
C. No and none
We use no + a noun. No = not a or not any:
* We had to walk home because there was no bus. (= there wasn't a bus)
* I can't talk to you now. I've got no time. (= I haven't got any time)
* There were no shops open. (= there weren't any shops open)
We use none alone (without a noun):
* 'How much money have you got?' 'None.' (= no money)
* All the tickets have been sold. There are none left. (= no tickets left)
Or we use none of ...:
none of these shops none of my money none of it/them/us/you
After none of + a plural word ('none of the shops', 'none of them' etc.) you can use a singular or a plural verb. A plural verb is more usual:
* None of the shops were (or was) open.
D. After nobody/no one you can use they/them/their:
* Nobody phoned, did they? (= did he or she)
* The party was a disaster. Nobody enjoyed themselves. (= himself or herself)
* No one in the class did their homework. (= his or her homework)
EXERCISES
85.1 Answer these questions using none/nobody/nothing/nowhere.
1. What did you do? _Nothing._
2. Who were you talking to? ---
3. Where are you going? ---
4. How much luggage have you got? ---
5. How many children have they got? ---