-указывает на временные характеристики слова.
Все стилистические окраски и информация, заключенные в стилистическом компоненте слова, отражается в словарях при помощи соответствуюших маркеров (помет, labels).
Маркированность (от фр. marquer - отмечать) - отмеченность, оформленность, выраженность. На стилистическую маркированность (т.е. наличие у слова определенной стилистической окраски) в словарях разных типов указывают такие пометы как:
разговорные, просторечные, книжн.,офиц., офиц-делов., высокое традиционно-поэтич., народно-поэтич.
lovely - infml, becoming rare - разг.
granny - infml - разг.
parky - BrE, infml - разг.
Эмотивная коннотация может в словарях указываться при помощи таких помет как: шутл., бран., иронич., почтит. и т.п.
nigger - taboo derog
petite - apprec
bibulous - humor or pomp
При этом не следует забывать, что эмотивная коннотация входит в стилистический компонент слова, следовательно, слова с такими пометами будут стилистически маркированными.
Здесь можно выделить два основных типа помет:
-словарные пометы (сюда мы отнесем пометы, указывающие территориальные различия);
-стилистические пометы (указывающие стиль, эмоциональное отношение и т.д.).
Оба типа помет в совокупности отражают стилистический компонент.
В следующих параграфах мы рассмотрим стилистические маркеры (маркированность стилистического компонента) в словарях разного типа, а также рассмотрим разнообразие стилистического маркирования в словаре английского языка и культуры, Лонгман (LDELC)
As it was marked in the previous part Stylistic component is represented in Dictionaries by means of stylistical natations (labels). It would be interesting to follow how the dictionaries of different types treat the stylistic notations.
To have a good idea of such a treatment we have analysed six dictionaries: three of which are English-English Dictionaries & the other three are bilingual English-Russian dictionaries.
Stylistic notation depends on which stylistic layer of the language this or that word belongs to. This is why it is necessary to give a view of stylistic layers in the English Language and the stylistic notations in juxtaposition with layers made by Galperin I.R.1977); & than to analyse how the dictionaries (used in the diploma paper - see Bibliography) use the stylistic notations to denote stylistic overtones, stylistic characterization of the word according to the classification suggested by Galperin I .R.
Some lexicographers have a view that stylistic notations are important for defining dictionaries only & areof little value in bilingual dictionaries, where the translation must reflect the peculiarities of the word . But this point of view is rather questionable, because experience proves otherwise.
A great number of errors is made by the user, whose knowledge of the language is inadequate, when using stylistically coloured words, very often the user misunderstands the mo tivation behind the use of stylistic overtones. It is quite natural to affirm, that both Russian and English users should be made aware of stylistic peculiarities of each word, and the more detailed such information is the more useful the dictionary will be.
A stylistic classification of the notations represented in the ERD by Galperin seems to reflect to a great extend the mobility of the lexical system so characteristic of the English language at its present stage of development
The vocabulary has been divided into two ba sic groups: standard and non-standard vocabulary . The standard vocabulary of Modem English falls into three large layers
1. neutral vocabulary
2. literal vocabulary of a general ch aracter
3. colloquial vocabulary of a general character
All words with the exception of the neutral vocabulary are lab eled (though as it wa s considered in the previous part the stylistic component can be hidden in the semantical structure of the word, in its very meaning).
Literary-bookish vocabulary can further be divided into smaller groups: common literary vocabulary (a part of Standard English), special literary -bookish words
Thus we may distinguish the following groups of the vocabulary (or layers):
1. Special literary-bookish words which are labeled in the dictionaries;
poetical words
poet biblpomp emphrhеt миф библ возвыш ритор archaic words
obs arch old use old-fash уст ист nonce words
2 Common literary vocabulary - fml lit
terms
tdmk tech chem bacterial etnol спец тех
foreignisms (barbarisms) Fr It Germ фр ит.
3. Common colloquial vocabulary infml paзг
This three belong to the Standard English Vocabulary.
4. Special colloquial vocabulary (non-literal) belongs to the non -standard English vocabulary and fall s into subgroups:
Professionalisms naut med спорт.
Slang sl.
Dialectical words dial прост.
Jurgon жарг вор жарг
Vulgar вульг груб презрен derog vulgar offensive taboo
Nonce words fig humor joc.
5.Non- standard colloquial words are unstable. But it is impossible to draw a hard-&-fast line between common literary vocabulary & special literary-bookish vocabulary, because the words tend to shift from one layer to the other. The same is true of the common colloquial vocabulary which penetrates into the neutral layer & is not impervious to intru sion from the non-literary layer.
There are different degrees of bookishness & colloquialness: the words marked fml lit may be found bordering on neutral vocabulary or lying so far from the neutral layer as to be quite incomprehensible to the average reader. The same is true of words marked infmlwhich may either pass into the neutral layer or linger on the fringe of the non-literary layer of the vocabulary.
The notation sl (slang) is mainly used in the English-English dictionaries ( in English and American dictionaries) & label the words according to their character & the way they function, in the bilingual dictionaries this label is rarely used, because of its ill-defined & uncertain definition (meaning & understanding of the term).
It is necessary to mention other stylistic notations which are used to identify the emotional meanings of the words rather than usage. These are:
эмоц-усил (emotional-intensive), ирон (ironical), усил. (intensive), шут. (jocular), презр. (contemptuous), груб. (vulgar or law),paзг- груб (low colloquial), humor, derog., вежл ,ласк.
The words labeled фр, лат, AustrE, Germ, Fr are used to indicate that the word has not lost its foreign aspect or that its use is geographically limited.
But at the same time it should be mentioned that though practically in all the dictionaries the stylistical notations (labels) are presented according to the layers existed in the language, the treatment of the stylistic notations by the authors of the dictionaries differs. There is no single system of labels that would satisfy all the dictionaries & the analyses of the stylistic notations in the six dictionaries confirm it. (Appendix VII)
As it was considered already the LERD gives the styligtical notations (labels) according to the stylistic classification of the word -stock of the English Language. The ERD doesn't give any classification of the labels that are used in it And ER&RED doesn't give any classification of the labels either, All the English-English Dictionaries give the kinds of classifications of stylistical notation according to the author's treatment this stylistical phenomena.
LDELC represents the types of labels used in it in the following groups. (Apendix I)
1 . Labels showing region, denoting words which are limited to particular parts of the world.
ВrЕ.AmEСапЕCarEIrE AustrESafrEIndE&ParENZEScotE.
Here belong labels that denote words borrowed from other languages (barbarisms, foreignisms): .
2. Labels showing special fields or subjects, denoting words that are used in certain fields of activity or certain types of writing ,
bibl — used mainly in the Bible
law — legal term—used in contracts, courts of law
lit - used mainly in literature
med - medical term used by doctors, nurses etc.
naut - nautical term - used by sailors
poet - used mainly in poetry
tech — technical term - used by specialists in various fields
As we can see the labels of this group include common literary vocabulary (terms) & special literal vocabulary ( Poetical words).
3. Labels showing situations in which words are used, denoting words which would only be suitable in certain types of situation. infml fml sl.
These labels deal with common literary vocabulary & common colloquial vocabulary, & with a particular group of words which is considered to be slang & which is difficult to juxtapose with any layer of the English Language because of the uncertain definition of the term slang , LDELC suggests the following definition:
SLANG - very informal, rarely used in writing , used especially in the private language of particular social groups.
Though we may consider slang as a layer of nonstandard (special colloquial vocabulary - non-literary) close to jargonisms & vulgarisms, professionalisms. Judging by Galperin's point of view this type is typical more of the English Language.
4. Labels showing time, denoting words which are no longer used in modem English (though they will be found in old books) & some of the words beginning to be used less often.
old-fash - no longer common , used mainly by older people
old use — no longer u sed
rare or becoming rare — rarely used, or beginning to be used less often . This group of labels serve special literary vocabulary (mainly archaic)
apprec. - shows that the speaker likes or approves of something
derog — derogatory — shows that the speaker dislikes or disapproves of something
euph - euphemistic - a polite or indirect word for something unpleasant or embarrassing
humor — shows a joking or ironic attitude
pomp - shows a foolishy self-important attitude
These labels mainly serve to identify positive or negative connotation of the word, that is why we may suppose that all these labels can be found both in common literary & common colloquial vocabularies, as well as in the group of nonstandard words.
6. Labels showing limitations on use
dial — a word belonging to the local speech of a particular area
nonstandard — a word regarded as incorrect by most educated speakers
taboo — a very offensive word which should always be avoided
tdmk - a trademark, whose use is officially controlled
These labels serve mainly special colloquial vocabulary the label nonstandard differs from the notion that the layer nonstandard has, because both dialand taboo belong to nonstandard, though from the other hand, from the educated point of view of the words with labels taboo & dial. may be regarded as incorrect. The label tdmk may be treated as a special term & thus may belong to common literary vocabulary. As the analyses shows the classification of the labels accepted in this dictionary is not exact and needs more consideration, though the labels themselves are quite suitable to show stytistical characterization & stylistical overtones.The variety of labels used in LDELC we shall consider farther in the third part.
OALED suggests a bit different grouping of the stylistic notations (Appendix II)
1. Currency, labels denoting words which are not used or used by some older speaker s & some words that are found mainly in books written in the first half of thi s century: dated archaic.
2. Region, labels denoting words which restricted to one country or area
Brit US Scot S.African Austr NZ
Here belongs dial - the label that refers to words & meanings that are restricted to particular regions of the British Isles not including Scotland & Ireland. So this very dictionary uses the label dial mainly as territorial characteristic of British Isles, though still belonging to special colloquial vocabulary.
3. Register, labels denoting words which must be used with particular care because they reflect a special relatioship between the speakers or a special occasion or setting (which could vary from an official ceremony to a relaxed meeting between friends)